WRITING PARAGRAPHS

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WRITING PARAGRAPHS
All over the world, consumer markets are dividing
into a high end and a low end leaving the
middle in decline. At the high end, consumers are
trading up, paying a premium price for highly
branded, luxury products. And at the low end,
they are trading down, spending as little as
possible on basic, functional products. Between
the two poles lies a vast range of ordinary,
boring products that are rapidly losing market
share.

• Consumers at the high end are
• trading up, paying a premium
• price for highly branded, luxury
• products. And at the low end
• they are trading down,
• spending as little as possible on
• basic, functional products. This
• is happening all over the world
• - leaving the middle in decline.
• Between the two poles lies a
• vast range of ordinary, boring
• products that are rapidly losing
• market share.

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Paragraph design

• A paragraph consists of a key sentence and a
  number of other sentences lending it support,
  i.e. - TOPIC SENTENCE and SUB-TOPICS/SUPPORTING
  IDEAS .
• Topic sentence provides a context and summarises
  what will follow in the paragraph.
• All the sentences in a paragraph should relate to
  one main idea. This is called UNITY. Each
  sentence must add something useful to the key,
  topic sentence.

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Paragraph design

• The second text has MOVEMENT the ideas flow
  clearly and logically. Movement means taking
  the reader from one sentence to the next in
  clear, logical steps.
• Achieving movement
• 1. use the first sentence to mention sub-topics,
  which are then picked up in sequence by further
  sentences
• 2. use time sequence, contrast, list of related
  points (First, Second, Finally), etc.
• 3. use linking words

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Sentence Connectors

• Connectors and sequence markers are words or
  phrases which show the relationship between
  ideas.
• The main relationships are
• Time
• Logic (cause, contrast, condition, comparison and
  concession)
• Text (addition, summary, paraphrase, example and
  highlight).

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TIME

• A. The main words and phrases which signal time
  relationships are
• Beginning
• First/first of all/initially/to start with/the
  first step/at the first stage
• Second/secondly/the second step/at the second
  stage
• Third/thirdly/the third step/at the third stage,
  etc.
• Then/after that
• Next/subsequently/the next step/at the next stage
• Finally/the final step/at the final stage
• End

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LOGIC

• The main words and phrases that signal logical
  relationships are as follows
• Cause therefore/ accordingly/ consequently/ as a
  consequence/ as a result/ hence (formal)/ thus
  (formal)/ because of this/ that's why (informal)/
  so
• Contrast yet/ however/ nevertheless/ still/ but/
  even so/ all the same (informal)
• Conditions then/ in that case
• Comparison similarly/ in the same way
• Concession anyway/ at any rate
• Contradiction in fact/ actually/ as a matter of
  fact/ indeed
• Alternation instead/alternatively

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TEXTUAL RELATIONSHIPS

• Addition also/ in addition/ moreover/
  furthermore/ besides/ too/ overall/ in brief/ in
  short
• Summary to sum up/ then/ overall/ in brief/ in
  short
• Conclusion in conclusion/ finally/ lastly/ to
  conclude
• Equivalence in other words/ that means/ namely/
  that is to say
• Inclusion for example/ for instance/ say/ such
  as/ as follows (written)/ e.g. (formal and
  written)
• Highlight in particular/ in detail/ especially/
  notably/ chiefly/ mainly
• Generalization usually/ normally/ as a rule/ in
  general/ for the most part/ in most cases/ on the
  whole
• Stating the obvious obviously/ naturally/ of
  course

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COHESION IN WRITING

• There are two more ways of cohesion in writing.
  1. a linking-back device - a way of relating to
  something that has previously been mentioned in
  the text in full. One of the commonest is that
  repeated nouns become pronouns.
• e.g. John's performance last year was above
  average. HE ("he" refers to John) achieved 20
  higher results than average with existing
  customers.

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COHESION IN WRITING

• 2. repetition there are two types of repetition
  exact, when we repeat exactly the same words,
  and parallel repetition, when we use the most
  appropriate word(s) which best refers to the word
  in question.
• Fluoridation is the deliberate addition of a
  chemical called fluoride to a town's water
  supplies, in order to reduce tooth decay.
  Fluoride occurs naturally in the drinking water
  of some towns

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4Cs

• Try to remember the 4Cs when writing your essay
• Clear writing and expression of ideas (easy to
  read and understand)
• Comprehensive - all the main ideas and arguments
  are included
• Concise short and precise (no unnecessary
  repetition)
• Correct accurate, both in content and in
  language use

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KEY TO CORRECTION SYMBOLS

• A Agreement of subject and verb, or adjective
  and noun
• e.g. The boy walk to school./They are goods dogs.
• N Number (Singular or Plural)
• e.g. It is one of the best hotel there.
• T Tense
• e.g. The earth had an atmosphere around it.
• Sp Spelling
• e.g. The library was pieceful and quite.
• WO Word Order (Subject, Verb, Object, Manner,
  Place, Time)
• e.g. The earth is the planet third from the
  sun./We went
• yesterday to the store.

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KEY TO CORRECTION SYMBOLS

• F (VF) Grammatical form of the word (verb, etc)
• e.g. I was interesting in that book. / The man
  ran slow. / They studies science in the morning.
• WW Wrong Word
• e.g. Don't do the plans for tomorrow. / He raised
  suddenly to his feet.
• P Punctuation
• e.g. bring the book on Monday / I am studying
  Economics at the university of belgrade / he was
  very tired therefore he went to bed
• X Unnecessary Word
• e.g. Good grades they are hard to get. / The
  earth it is the third planet from the sun.

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KEY TO CORRECTION SYMBOLS

• Ref. Reference
• e.g. John brought her to their house. It is
  beautiful.
• /?/ Sentence is too complicated,
  unclear or incomplete.
• // Parallelism
• e.g. It is important to study and sleeping
  enough.
• / Wrong Joining
• e.g. I go to the university everyday.
• Wrong Separation
• e.g. I like to eat every thing.

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KEY TO CORRECTION SYMBOLS

• Missing Word (article, preposition, etc)
• e.g. We listen music when we feel like it./We
  went to hotel on Fifth Avenue.
• Wph Wrong phrase, wrong way to say this.
• e.g. We shall study the part played by the
  appropriate monetary institutions in securing the
  capital needed.
• Log Illogical
• e.g. Glass is breakable. Thus, it is usually
  painted blue.
• No Untruth
• e.g. A franchisee receives the royalty fee from a
  franchiser.
• SC Sentence Construction (grammatically wrong, a
  number of grammatical problems within the
  sentence).

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The Golden Rules of Writing

• WRITE SIMPLY and BRIEFLY because this will make
  life easier for your reader, who should always be
  the centre of your attention. And WRITE QUICKLY
  because your time is valuable, and you do not
  want to spend any more time writing than is
  absolutely necessary.