Ancient Greece

1
Ancient Greece

• 500-323 B.C.E.

2
Question

• What state in America is about the size of
  Greece?
• What Geographical term refers to Greece? i.e.
  island, peninsula, strait.

3
How did geography play a part in how Greece
formed its culture?
4
Geography

• Greece is a peninsula about the size of Louisiana
  in the Mediterranean Sea.
• Its very close to Egypt, the Persian empire
  (includes Turkey) and Rome.

5
Greek geography

• Greece is mountainous
• Greek communities often times developed
  independently because of the mountains, thus they
  were diverse
• As a result, they fought each other a lot.

6
How does this isolation, this rugged geography
lead to the rise of technology?
7
Technology results from necessity

• Since Greek coastal cities were sandwiched
  between the ocean and the sea, they developed an
  awesome navy for trading and fighting.

8
Technology results from scarcity

• All cities need fresh water. This is a Greek
  aqueduct, basically a brick water pipe.
• The first aqueduct was Assyrian, but most ancient
  societies had them.

9
Terracing saves water and soil in mountainous
environments
10
Other Greek Inventions

• The Greeks invented dice.

11
The Greeks were the original Olympiads. Their
scientists studied the best way to perform
sportsthe first coaches?
12
Greek Invention

• The Greeks invented the crane.

13
Greek Architecture

• Greeks invented arches and columns.
• This obviously took advanced mathematics.

14
More Greek Architecture
15
Greek Military inventions

• This is a hoplite, a Greek infantry soldier.
• Hoplites were middle-class freemen who had to pay
  for their own weapon and shield.

16
Greek Military inventions

• This is a phalanx.
• Soldiers get in a tight box. They each have a
  large shield and a 9 foot long spear.

17
Greek Military inventions

• This is a catapult, a Greek invention.
• The word Catapult comes from the Greek words kata
  and peltes. (Kata means downward and peltes
  describes a small shield ). Catapult means shield
  piercer.
• It could throw 300 pound stones at walls,
  buildings, and people

18
Using Torque

• The principle of torsion was probably discovered
  by inventors working in Macedonia under Philip II
  between 353 and 341 BC. There exists no hint of
  torsion catapults before Philip's reign.

19
Alexanders use of technology

• Alexander the Great used catapults in a
  completely different way -- as covering
  artillery. Alexander's army carried smaller
  prefabricated catapults that weighed only 85
  pounds. Larger machines were dismantled and
  carried along in wagons. Major Greek cities
  adopted the use of catapults.
• The use of catapults in the field is evidenced in
  one of Alexander's early battles in the Northern
  Marches of Macedon. At Pelion, Alexander, in a
  rare loss of the initiative had to retreat his
  army from a siege position around the town and
  cross a river to a defensive position in the
  foothills. Surrounded, Alexander lulled the
  barbarian army into watching his phalanx and
  cavalry maneuver on the plain outside of the
  city, then in a typical lightening move, he
  forced a crossing of the river creating a
  defensive bridgehead. He then set up some of his
  siege artillery to fire back across the river,
  over the heads of his own troops to cover their
  rear with a curtain of missiles as they crossed
  the river after disengaging with the enemy. This
  is the first reported use of siege artillery in
  the field as an assault weapon (in spite of the
  fact that it was used defensively). Alexander the
  Great and His Army

20
Alexanders close calls

• In 334 BC Alexander the Great used at the siege
  of Halicarnassus heavy palintona. At Tyre he used
  arrow catapults and palintona against the wall
  fortifications. http//www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-b
  in/ptext?docPerseus3Atext3A1999.04.0009layout
  loc16.10.html
• At the siege of Gaza in 332 BC. Alexander was
  wounded in the neck by a catapult arrow that had
  pierced both his shield and his breastplate.

21
Flamethrower!!!!!
22
Greek religion was polytheistic.
23
The need to Govern efficientlySo what is the
difference between the democracy of ancient
Athens and that of our democracy here today?
24
Political Athens was the first democracy.

• Democracy type of government where people vote.
• Well, actually, Athens was a direct democracy
  where people vote on everything.
• The U.S. today is a representative democracy,
  where we vote for people to make decisions for
  us.

25
Direct participation was the key to Athenian
democracy. In the Assembly, every male citizen
was not only entitled to attend as often as he
pleased but also had the right to debate, offer
amendments, and vote on proposals. Every man had
a say in whether to declare war or stay in peace.
Basically any thing that required a government
decision, all male citizens were allowed to
participate in.
Then again Athens was much smaller than the U.S.
today. Right?
26
Remember! If you think the U.S. is so much
better. . .

• Some southern states did not let African
  Americans vote until the 1960s (Voting Rights Act
  1965)
• Women could not vote in the U.S. until 1920 (19th
  Amendment)
• Eighteen year olds could not vote until the late
  1970s.

27
Political terms

• All of Greece wasnt a democracy.
• Most of Greece was a monarchy a type of
  government ruled by a king or queen.
• At right is Pericles, a good king of Athens.

28
So what kind of government did Sparta have?
29
Spartas type of government

• Sparta was an isolated city-state that was
  culturally and politically different from Athens.
• Sparta was an oligarchy, government ruled by a
  few. They had 2 kings.
• During the Peloponnesian Sparta sacked Athens.

30
Sparta

• Spartan society was obsessed with war.
• Boys were sent to military school at a young age.
  Remember how young?
• Boys who are born deformed are left to die where?

31
Athens

• Athenians were tough but were encouraged to
  engage in activities like art, philosophy, music.

32
Alexander the Great

• Alexander was not from Athens, but from?
• Alexander was a brilliant military strategist.
  What are some specific examples that show this to
  be true?
• His favorite book to read was?

33
Alexander conquered the Persian empire and
controlled the largest empire the world has ever
seen.
Its hot here
What are you looking here for?
34
What happens when cultures collide?
35
Alexander spread Hellenistic culture throughout
Asia.

• Hellenistic is a fancy word for Greek-like
• Alexander spread Greek technology and ideas
  throughout his empire

36
His new cities

• Modeled on Athens
• Temples, government buildings, theaters,
  gymnasiums
• A central Agora
• Corinthian columns

• Greek governments, and festivals
• Blends of local culture with Greek

37
Alexandria

• He laid out each Alexandria in a specific
  pattern and had it combine architecture from the
  Greek and Persian worlds
• Sketched it in the sand

Alexandria, Egypt today- note the mosques
38
Influence of Alexandria

• Vast library- 700,000 volumes
• Center of learning and culture for many years
• The great lighthouse called the Pharos- 7th
  wonders of the world

39
The Roman Coliseum has a strong Hellenistic
influence.
40
What is a building in the USA that has a
Hellenistic influence?
41
Lincoln Memorial
42
After Alexanders Death

• Decline of Athens as most important place
• Aetolian League and Achaean League unite

• Hellenistic Art
• Great demand
• Mass production of statutes
• -Hellenistic art differs from the Golden Age
• Realistic, emotional

43
The Laocoon

• Hellenistic sculpture
• Trojan priest and his two sons being attacked by
  a serpent
• Painful expressions, realistic action and
• movement

44
Hellenistic religion

• Rise of foreign religious cults in Greece
• Influx of Asian ideas
• Old Greek religion had no moral code, no ideas
  about leading a better life

• New religions point to more personal question on
  sin, how to get better, how to go to heaven
• Many Greeks turn to Asian religions that have a
  mystical feel to them

45
Mystical religions
bust of Serapis

• Many came from areas Alexander conquered
• From Egypt- goddess Isis (women)
• From Persia- god Mithras (soldiers)
• Alexandria- Serapis invented by Ptolemy

Hades and Isis both deal with the afterworld so
this god was acceptable to Egyptians and Greeks
46
Quick review

• 1. what do you call the merging of Greek and
  Persian cultures?

• 2. What are three specific examples of how
  Alexander attempted to make a one world
  community in the lands he conquered?

47
Greek Advances in Science

• Thales of Miletus
• -1st great philosopher
• Astronomy, math
• 365 day calendar adopted from Egypt
• world formed by natural causes
• Science of nature- Physics

48
Anaximander

• -Theory- world formed by large explosion,
  creatures started in ocean and moved to land.
• -Drew the earliest known map of the world- Greece
  in middle, ocean all around.

49
Democritus- Atomic Theory

• What is everything made up of?
• Democritus said
• tiny particles called
• atoms

50
Pythagoras

• -Theory- Pythagorean Theorem-
• -Theory- Earth is center of the universe.
• -Created seven note musical scale.

51
Heliocentric Theory

• Anaxagoras-
• -moon reflects light from Sun
• Aristarchus- educated at Aristotles Lyceum
• Sun the center
• (not accepted until
• 16 cent AD)
• He accurately measured
• size of sun, moon, and
• distances from earth
• The length of a year(only 7 minutes, 16 seconds
  off)

52
Aristotle Theophrastus

• Supporter of scientific method
• Ex. Dolphins mammals
• Classified over 500 animals

• Theophrastus- worked with Aristotles collections
• Studied info and collections of Alexanders
  conquests

53
Geography

• Eratosthenes
• World is a sphere

• Hipparchus
• -created early grid-like patterns that we later
  turn into longitude and latitude lines
• -charted starts

54
Ptolemy- Astronomy

• History of early astronomers
• Said Earth was stationary and center of universe
• Arranged all known places on Earth with
  longitude and latitude

55
Archimedes

• 1. Diameter of a circle
• pi
• 2. Mass of a body put into water- gold crown
  story
• 3. Invented the water-screw used to lift water
  (see pg. 204)

56
Story of the Gold Crown

• Is my crown made of more silver or gold?

57
Hippocrates

• Looked for physical causes of illnesses- not
  religious reasons
• Created school of medicine on island of Kos
• Hippocratic Oath

58
Any questions before the quiz?
59
Greece Quiz

• 1.What is Greeces political contribution to the
  political world (especially the United States)?
• 2. How did geography influence Greeces economy
  and military technology?
• 3. How did Hellenistic ideas spread throughout
  Asia?
• 4. Describe an example of how necessity brings
  about technological change.
• 5. Define monarchy
• 6. Define oligarchy

60
This PowerPoint was kindly donated to
www.worldofteaching.com http//www.worldofteac
hing.com is home to over a thousand Powerpoints
submitted by teachers. This is a completely free
site and requires no registration. Please visit
and I hope it will help in your teaching.