PSAE Chemistry Review Part 2

1
PSAEChemistry Review Part 2
2
Electrons Available for BondingAre called
__________ __________The Electrons in the
Outermost energy level
______________
________________
Nucleus
Slide 2
3
Electrons Available for Bonding

• Table Type 1 ROMAN NUMERALS

Slide 3
4
Electrons Available for Bonding

• How Many Valence Electrons does each Element
  Have?
• Use the ___________ ___________ at the top of
  each Column.
• The Group Number tells you how Many Valence
  Electrons.

Group Numbers
Slide 4
5
Electrons Available for Bonding

• Table Type 2 Groups Numbered 1 thru 18

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Slide 5
6
Electrons Available for Bonding

• How Many Valence Electrons does each Element Have?

_________________ The Number tells you the of
ValenceElectrons. Groups _______________
Subtract ________ from the Group Number. The
Remainder is the of Valence Electrons.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Slide 6
7
How much does an Atom Weigh?

Almost______________________ of an Atom is in the
Nucleus.
Electron Cloud is_________________________________
____
Even though the Nucleus is only a very small part
of the Atom
Slide 7
8
How much does an Atom Weigh?

________ _________
12 C Carbon 12.011

• Equals the of Protons
• Equals the of Electrons

___________________

• Average Mass of all known _______________

Slide 8
9
How much does an Atom Weigh?

• Isotopes Atoms of an element that have
  _____________ _____________.
• WHY do they have Different Masses?
• Because of a Different Number of ____________.

Particle Mass (amu)
Proton 1
Neutron 1
Electron 0
Note Almost ALL of the Mass is in the Protons
and Neutrons.
Slide 9
10
How much does an Atom Weigh?

• Isotope Notation

Mass Number
Includes of ____________ of _____________
Atomic Number
of _________________
Neutrons Mass Number ? Atomic Number
Slide 10
11
How much does an Atom Weigh?

• Examples of Isotopes
• Carbon has three Isotopes
• They are all carbon atoms, but with different
  numbers of Neutrons

Slide 11
Carbon 13 ___Neutrons
Carbon 14 ___Neutrons
Carbon 14 ___Neutrons
12
TransUranium Elements
Slide 12

• ________________________ not found in Nature
• Made by Smashing Different Atoms together with
• _____________ Accelerators

13
States of Matter
______
______
______
________
Slide 13
14
States of Matter

• Retains a ____________________________
• rigid - particles locked into place
• Not easily ____________________________
• little free space between particles
• Does not _____________________________
• rigid - particles cannot move/slide past one
  another

SOLID
Slide 14
15
States of Matter

• Assumes _________________ of the part of the
• _________________ which it occupies
• particles can move/slide past one another
• Not easily _____________________
• little free space between particles
• Flows ________________________
• particles can move/slide past one another

LIQUID
Slide 15
16
States of Matter

• Assumes _____________ and
• volume of its container
• particles can move past one another
• ___________________
• lots of free space between particles
• Flows ________________
• particles can move past one another

GAS
Slide 16
17
States of Matter

• The word "PLASMA" was first applied to
• _________________.
• Plasma consists of a collection of
• _______________________ electrons and ions
• - atoms that have lost electrons.
• Energy is needed to strip electrons from atoms
• to make plasma.

PLASMA
Slide 17
18
Phase Changes
a.k.a. CHANGES OF STATE
Slide 18
___________________
__________________
______________
_______________
__________________
____________________
19
Phase Change Diagrams

• Temperature Remains _____________ During Phase
  Changes

_____________
Temp Increasing
Liquid Changing To Gas
Gas
_____________
Temperature
Liquid
Solid Changing to Liquid
No Gas Remaining
Solid
No Solid Remaining
Time
Slide 19
20
Phase Change Diagrams

• Temperature Remains _____________ During Phase
  Changes

_____________
Temp Decreasing
Gas
Gas Changing To Liquid
______________
Temperature
Liquid Changing To Solid
Liquid
Solid
Time
Slide 20
21
Kinetic Molecular Theory

• _________________________________

• ________ Kinds of Motion
• Translation __________________ from point A to
  point B.
• Rotation _______________ or _______________
• Vibration ____________ and Forth Movement

Gases are in Constant Random Motion
Visualizing Molecular Motion 1 Video
Visualizing Molecular Motion (Many) Video
Diffusion of Gases Video
Slide 21
22
Gas Laws

• Pressure is defined as The Force per Unit Area on
  a Surface

Slide 22
___ N/cm2
___ N/cm2
___ N/cm2
23
Gas Laws

• Pressure is defined as The Force per Unit Area on
  a Surface

• Gas Molecules exert pressure on any surface with
  which they collide.
• The More Gas Molecules in a Container the
  Higher the Pressure.
• Ex. Double the of Particles
  ___________________

1.0 atm
2.0 atm
Slide 23
24
Gas Laws

• The More Gas Molecules in a Container the
  ________________
• This is a Direct Relationship. (Directly
  Proportional)

Volume Must be Held Constant
Pressure (atm)
of Particles (moles)
Slide 24
25
Gas Laws

• Boyles Law _____________________

Slide 25
26
Gas Laws

• Boyles Law P x V Constant

• When Pressure _______________ Volume Decreases
• When Volume Increases Pressure ________________
• This is an Inversely Proportional Relationship

Temperature Must be Held Constant
Slide 26
27
Gas Laws

• Charless Law V ? T Constant

• When Temperature Increases Volume Increases
• This is a Direct Relationship. (Directly
  Proportional)

Pressure Must be Held Constant
Volume (Liters)
Temperature ?C
Slide 27
28
Gas Laws

• Gay-Lussacs Law _________________

• When Temperature Increases Pressure
  _______________
• This is a Direct Relationship. (Directly
  Proportional)

Volume Must be Held Constant
Pressure (atm)
Temperature ?C
Slide 28
29
Gas Laws

• STP
• Standard _______________ ____________

• Standard Temperature ____ Degrees Celsius ( 0
  ?C )
• Standard Pressure _____________________ ( 1
  atm)

Slide 29
30
Gas Laws

• Temperature

• Temperature a measure of the Average Kinetic
  Energies of All Molecules in a Sample
• Converting From Celsius Scale To Kelvin Scale
  Degrees Celsius(?C ) 273 Kelvins (K)
• Ex _____________________________
• Converting From Kelvin Scale To Celsius Scale
• Kelvins (K) 273 Degrees Celsius (?C )
• Ex _____________________________
• Note The Kelvin Temperature is ALWAYS HIGHER !

Slide 30