World War I

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World War I

• The Great War
• 1914 - 1918

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The Pursuit of Peace

• By 1914 Europe had enjoyed a century of relative
  peace
• The support of Pacifism opposition to all war
• 1899 the first Universal Peace Conference
• Hague Tribunal World Court to settle disputes
  between nations

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Marching Toward War

• What was occurring in Europe that led to a rise
  in tensions?

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Causes of WWI

• Nationalism- a deep devotion to ones country
• Imperialism- a policy in which a strong nation
  seeks to dominate other countries politically,
  economically, or socially
• Militarism- a policy of glorifying military power
  and keeping a standing army always ready for war.

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Rivalries Among European Powers

• Economic Rivalries
• Britain is threatened by Germanys rapid economic
  growth

• Imperialism Causes Rivalries
• France and Germany compete for colonies i.e.
  Morocco

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Militarism and the Arms Race

• Militarism is the glorification of the military
• The Great Powers expanded their armies and
  navies
• Fierce competition in the arms race
• Military leaders became important figures

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Causes of WWI (cont.)

• Bismarck sees France as the greatest threat to
  peace in Europe and thought the French wanted
  revenge for their defeat in the Franco-Prussian
  War.
• What land did the French lose in the
  Franco-Prussian War?

Alsace and Lorraine
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Otto von Bismarck

• Goal was to isolate France to maintain peace.
• In 1879 Bismark formed the Dual Alliance between
  Germany and Austria Hungary.
• 1881 made a treaty with Russia

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Causes of WWI (cont.)

• Kaiser Wilhelm forces Bismarck to resign
• allows treaty with Russia to lapse
• in return Russia forms an alliance with France
• Wilhelm begins a tremendous shipbuilding program
  and in return Britain forms an alliance with
  France

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Tangled alliances

• Triple Alliance
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Italy

• Triple Entente
• Great Britain
• Russia
• France

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Crisis in the Balkans

• What is happening in this region that adds to the
  tensions in Europe?

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Crisis in the Balkans

• Nationalism leads people to demand independence
• Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Bosnia was home to many Slavic people
• Serbians were furious at the takeover

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Crisis in the Balkans (cont.)

• Archduke Ferdinand assassinated along with his
  wife Sophie
• June 28th, 1914
• Ferdinand and his wife Sophie visit Sarejevo
  Capital of Bosnia
• Shot was point blank range.
• Killer Gavrilo Princip
• 19 year old Serbian
• Member of the Black Hand (Serbian terrorist
  group)

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The Assassin
GavriloPrincip
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A Harsh Ultimatum

• Austria sent Serbia an ultimatum - a final set
  of demands
• End all anti-Austrian agitation
• Punish any Serbian official involved in the
  assassination
• Austria must join the investigation
• Serbia only partly agreed July 28th 1914
  Austria declared war on Serbia

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The Great War Begins

• Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
• This leads to a domino effect.
• Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary
• Germany declares war on Russia and France
• Great Britain declares war on Germany

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Nations Take Sides

• Central Powers
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Ottoman Empire

• Allied Powers
• Great Britain
• France
• Russia
• Italy

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The Two Fronts

• Western Front- Region in northern France where
  the Allies and Central powers battled each other.
• Eastern Front- Region along the German-Russian
  border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans,
  Austrians, and Turks.

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German Problem A Two Front War

• German officials did not want to fight a two
  front war
• Eastern Front vs. Russia
• Western Front vs. France
• What to do?

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Schlieffen Plan

• Germany would have to defeat France quickly then
  fight Russia
• Germany would have to march through Belgium
  8/3/1914
• This causes Britain to declare war on Germany
• Germanys defeat at the Battle of the Marne
  destroyed the Plan
• Why was this Germanys battle strategy?

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Battle on the Eastern Front

• Russians launch initial attack on both Germans
  and Austrians.
• In the end Germans counter and crush the
  Russians, and the Austrians push the Russians
  out.
• How did Russias lack of industrialization affect
  its war efforts?

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Trench Warfare

• Trench warfare was a form of warfare in which
  both combatants occupied static fortified
  fighting lines, consisting largely of trenches,
  in which troops were largely immune to the
  enemy's small arms fire and were substantially
  sheltered from artillery.

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In the Trenches

• Warring armies burrowed into a vast system of
  trenches
• Rats, lice and heat became major problems
• Over the top orders were given and soldiers
  would leave their trenches and rush toward enemy
  lines

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In the Trenches
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In the Trenches
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Trench foot

• Many soldiers fighting in WWI suffered from
  trench foot
• This was an infection of the feet caused by cold,
  wet and unsanitary conditions.
• If untreated, trench foot could turn gangrenous
  and result in amputation.
• 20,000 men in the British Army were treated for
  trench foot in one year!!

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Trench Foot
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Trench Foot Info..

• The only remedy for trench foot was for the
  soldiers to dry their feet and change their socks
  several times a day.
• British soldiers were under orders to change
  their socks at least twice a day

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WWI Weapons

• Name some weapons used in WWI
• Explain how theses new weapons added to WWI deaths

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Technology in Modern Warfare

• World War I was very devastating due to new
  technology
• Rapid fire machine guns
• Poison gas
• The Tank
• Submarines

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Poison Gas
"Our men were swallowed up by the mysterious
cloud. At the same time, I felt its effect on my
breathing. It burned in my throat. I felt a pain
in my chest and could barely breathe any longer.
I spit up blood and became dizzy. I thought I was
lost."
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The Airplane

• Airplanes were primitive
• Had only 1- 2 seats
• With machine gun
• Mostly used for reconnaissance
• Dog Fights
• Air combat between planes

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Automatic Machine Gun

• Usually 2-man teams
• Provided a continuous stream of bullets
• This weapon was the main reason for the war
  settling into a STALEMATE

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Submarine

• German U-Boats
• To sink merchant ships
• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• Made the oceans unsafe for all
• Allied response convoys
• Small groups of merchant ships protected by
  warships

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Zeppelins

• Gas filled balloons used by the Germans to bomb
  the English coast
• They were able to carry a much heavier load than
  airplanes

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The Tank

• Developed to end Trench Warfare
• Used a mounted machine gun
• Ran by a 8 man crew

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Case Study Battle of the Sommes

• Unimaginable Carnage

• At the hands of technology

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A Global Conflict
Map of the World showing the Participants in
World War I  Green Allies (some entered the war
or dropped out later) Orange Central
Powers Grey Neutral Countries
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War affects the world

• World War I was much more than a European
  conflict
• Fighting took place outside of Europe
• Every continent (except Antarctica) was involved
• Europe
• Asia
• Africa
• South America
• Australia
• North America

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Brazil

• The only South American country to enter the war.
  
• They assist the Allies in the naval war in the
  Atlantic Ocean
• Send troops to the Western front.

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Japan

• Declared war on Germany in 1914
• Seized German colonies in China and the Pacific.
• Secured sea lanes in the South Pacific

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Australia and New Zealand

• Both countries fight on the Allied side
• Contribute a significant amount of troops to the
  campaign in Gallipoli

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The Gallipoli Campaign
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Aim of the Gallipoli Campaign

• Attack and defeat the Ottoman Empire via the
  Dardanelles, a narrow sea straight that was the
  gateway to the Ottoman capitol.
• Establish a supply line to Russia.

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• Effort to take the region took place in 1915.
• Allies including Australia, New Zealand (ANZAC),
  British, and French forces battled Turkish troops
• Another bloody stalemate- 250,000 casualties on
  Allied side

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America joins the fight

• Germany seeks to control the Atlantic Ocean.
• Their aim is to cut off supplies to Britain, and
  slowly starve them
• Begin to use unrestricted submarine warfare
• Sink British ships without warning

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Sinking of the Lusitania

• German submarine sinks the Lusitania, a British
  passenger ship
• This angers the U.S. as Americans were on board
• Germany decides to end submarine warfare in 1915,
  but resumes it again in 1917.

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The Zimmerman Note
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Zimmerman note

• Telegram from Germany to Mexico
• Germany asks Mexico to join the fight on their
  side
• In return Mexico would regain the lands they had
  lost to the U.S.
• United States declares war in April, 1917

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War affects the home front

• Governments begin to
• wage total war- nations devote all resources to
  war
• Ration goods- people could only buy small amounts
  of items needed for the war
• Use propaganda- one sided information designed to
  keep up morale and support for the war.

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Propaganda
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Anti-German propaganda
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Rationing propaganda
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War bond propaganda
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Propaganda for women
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Enlistment propaganda
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Impact on Women

• Women took over jobs
• Manufactured weapons and supplies
• Nurses worked on the front lines
• Helped womens rights

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The Allies win the war

• Russia withdraws in November,1917
• Communist leader Vladimir Lenin seizes power
• - offers Germany a truce called the Treaty of
  Brest-Litovsk, ending the war between them

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The Central powers collapse

• Germany sends all of its forces to the Western
  Front, victory seems close
• Americans send 2 million more troops
• Advance toward Germany
• Central Powers begin to crumble. Bulgarians and
  Ottoman Turks surrender

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End of the war

• 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm steps down
• Germany is declared a republic
• French and German representatives meet and sign
  an armistice - an agreement to stop fighting

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Legacy of the war

• 8.5 Million soldiers dead
• Death of countless civilians by disease,
  starvations, and slaughter
• War devastates economy of European countries

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World War I Casualties
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A Flawed Peace
German cartoon Versailles sends Germany to the
guillotine. 
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The Allies meet

• The Big Four
• Woodrow Wilson- United States
• David Llyod George- Britain
• Vittorio Orlando- Italy
• George Clemenceau- France

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Wilsons 14 Points

• End to secret treaties
• Freedom of the seas and free trade
• Reduced national armies and navies
• Adjustment of colonial claims with fairness
  toward colonial peoples
• Creation of new nations
• Self determination- allowing people to decide for
  themselves under which government they wished to
  live

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Treaty of Versailles

• Adopting Wilsons 14th point, the treaty created
  the League of Nations- an international
  association whose goal was to keep peace among
  nations
• Germany punished harshly
• Lose territory
• Severe restrictions on military
• war guilt clause- places sole responsibility of
  the war on Germany. Germany was forced to pay war
  reparations.

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New nations form

• Most form around Baltic Sea
• Austria
• Hungary
• Czechoslovakia
• Yugoslavia
• Turkey
• Finland
• Estonia
• Latvia
• Lithuania

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Treaty causes trouble

• Countries felt cheated by treaty
• African and Asian territories were not granted
  independence
• Italy and Japan gain less than what they had
  wanted
• War guilt clause left a bitterness in German
  people