Thermodynamics

1
Thermodynamics

• Thermal Processes
• The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
• Entropy

2
Isovolumetric Processes

• No change in volume so no ____ done on system
• Change in system energy equals _____ transfer

3
Isothermal Process

• ___________ of system remains constant
• Internal energy of system remains _________
• Integrating P?V gives the work done on the
  environment

4
Heat Engines

• Working substance goes through ______ process
• Energy transferred by heat from ____ reservoir
• Work done by ________
• Energy expelled by heat to _____ reservoir
• ?U 0 so

1
2
3
Fig. 12.9, p. 399
5
Heat Engine Efficiency

• If working substance is a gas, work done in one
  cycle is ____ _______ in PV diagram
• Thermal __________ is work done divided by energy
  absorbed

Fig. 12.10, p. 399
6
Refrigerators and Heat Pumps

• Heat engine operating in ________
• Can be used to cool the ____ reservoir or warm
  the ____ reservoir

Fig. 12.12, p. 403
7
2nd Law of Thermodynamics

• No heat engine operating in a cycle can absorb
  energy from a reservoir and use it _______ for
  the performance of an _____ amount of work.
• The efficiency of heat engines is always _____
  than one.
• If two systems are in thermal contact, net
  thermal energy transfers spontaneously by ______
  from the hotter system to the colder system.

8
Reversible vs. Irreverisble

• Reversible Process every state along the path is
  an ____________ state.
• System can revert to initial state by reversing
  path.
• Real processes are always ____________ (although
  some are almost reversible).

9
Carnot Cycle
Fig. 12.15, p. 406
Fig. 12.16, p. 407
10
Entropy

• A ______ variable related to the 2nd Law of
  Thermodynamics
• Energy absorbed/expelled during a ________,
  isothermal process between 2 equilibrium states
  defines _______ in entropy
• The entropy of the universe increases in all
  natural processes

11
Entropy and Disorder

• Disorderly arrangement is more _________
• Isolated systems tend toward greater _______
• Entropy is a ________ of disorder

• W is the ____________ that a system has a
  particular configuration