Phases of Matter Unit Notes

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Phases of MatterUnit Notes
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HEAT

• Heat is one form of ENERGY. It is sometimes
  called THERMAL ENERGY.
• Other forms of energy include
• Light
• Sound
• Nuclear
• Kinetic (energy of motion)
• Potential (stored energy)

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Heat is...

• A measure of how much kinetic energy matter has
• Particles with high heat are moving at a HIGH
  average speed
• Particles with low heat are moving at a LOW
  average speed

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Heat Transfer

• When we talk about the transfer of heat, we are
  really talking about transferring KINETIC ENERGY
  among particles.
• Heat always moves from the HOTTER object to the
  COOLER object.

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Heat and the Motion of Particles

• When we add heat (energy to particles), it does
  WHAT to their motion?

• Heat increases the motion and energy level of the
  particles
• Heating water animation
• http//mutuslab.cs.uwindsor.ca/schurko/animations/
  waterphases/status_water.htm

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Phases of Matter

• There are three main phases of matter
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas

GAS is the phase where particles have the most
energy
SOLID is the phase where particles have the least
energy
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Phases of Matter Solid

• Particles have little motion/energy they are
  packed/joined together tightly
• Particles are very organized
• Do NOT move to fit the shape of their container
  and do not fill the container (they keep their
  original shape)
• It is hard to compress or
• change the shape of a solid

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Phases of Matter Liquid

• Particles have more motion/energy joined
  together more loosely
• Particles WILL take on the shape of their
  container but will not fill it entirely
• Molecules of a liquid like
• to stick together. Liquids
• are hard to compress.

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Phases of Matter Gases

• Particles have a great deal of energy and do not
  stick together closely they bounce around a lot!
• WILL spread out to fill entire container and fit
  the shape of the container they are in
• Gasesvapor
• Gases are easily
• compressed

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Phases of Matter Plasma

• Similar to gases, but made up of ions and
  electrons of an element
• Examples Northern lights, neon lights, stars
• Require a special environment to exist

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Phases of Matter
http//mutuslab.cs.uwindsor.ca/schurko/animations/
phasesofmatter/phasesofmatter.html
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Phase Changes

• A phase change is when we change from one state
  of matter to another
• Example A solid changing to a liquid

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Names for Phase Changes

• Solid to liquid MELTING
• Liquid to gas VAPORIZATION or BOILING or
  EVAPORATION
• Solid to gas SUBLIMATION
• Gas to liquid CONDENSATION
• Liquid to solid FREEZING
• Gas to solid DEPOSITION

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Names for Phase Changes
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Phase Changes
HIGH ENERGY GAS
MEDIUM ENERGY LIQUID
ADD ENERGY
REMOVE ENERGY
Low energy solid
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Phase Changes

• To go to a state of matter involving MORE energy,
  we must ADD energy. We can do this by HEATING the
  substance.
• Examples If we heat ice (solid), it will turn
  into water (liquid), and will eventually boil and
  turn into water vapor (gas)

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Phase Changes

• To go to a state of matter involving LESS energy,
  we must REMOVE energy. We can do this by COOLING
  the substance.
• Examples Water vapor (gas) from your hot shower
  condenses on a cold mirror (liquid). If you leave
  a window open, it might turn into ice droplets
  (solid).

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Phase Change Graphs
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Phase Change Graphs
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Phase Change Graphs
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Check your understanding

• What are the three main states of matter?
• List these three states of matter from the state
  with the LEAST amount of energy to the state with
  the MOST energy
• To go from a gas to a liquid, would you need to
  ADD energy (heat) or RELEASE energy (cool)?

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Melting Points and Boiling Points are Properties
of Matter

• We observed that water MELTS/FREEZES at 0 degrees
  Celsius
• We observed that water BOILS/CONDENSES at 100
  degrees Celsius
• Waters natural state at room temperature (25
  degrees Celsius) is as a LIQUID

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Different Substances will have Different Boiling
Points and Melting Points
Z Name Melting Point C Boiling Point C
1 Hydrogen -259.1 -252.9
2 Helium -272.2 -268.9
3 Lithium 180.5 1317
4 Beryllium 1278 2970
5 Boron 2300 2550
6 Carbon 3550 4827
7 Nitrogen -209.9 -195.8
8 Oxygen -218.4 -182.9
9 Fluorine -219.6 -188.1
10 Neon -248.7 -246.1
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This results in different natural states at room
temperature.

• Name a substance that is a liquid at room
  temperature.
• What is the natural state of oxygen at room
  temperature?
• Can you name three substances that are solids as
  their natural state?
• If a substance has a boiling point of -100
  degrees Celsius, what is its natural state at
  room temperature?

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Check your Understanding

• Why are melting points and boiling points
  considered to be characteristic properties of
  matter?
• What other characteristic properties have we
  learned about so far this year?