Unit 1 Notes Water

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Unit 1 NotesWater
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Section A.41. Explain the diff. betw. direct and
indirect water use.

• Direct can be directly (easily) measured and
  observed
• Indirect uses are hidden uses such as the water
  needed to make food.

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2. Compare and Contrast water usage in the West
and Midwest.
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3. Explain the water used in making a can of
juice.

• To grow fruit
• To clean fruit
• To make the juice
• To make the container

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Section A.54. Do questions 1-3, p. 17

• 1. a. steam/elec.
• b. steam/elec.
• c. steam/elec.
• d. irrigation / Ag.
• e. mining
• f. irrigation / Ag.

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2.

• East, South and Midwest mainly steam / electric
  due to large population
• Also more industry
• West and Hawaii are engaged in Ag. And the west
  is arid
• Alaska sparse population, little industry, few
  crops mining of minerals

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3. List two factors per region

• East humid, high manufacturing, high population
• South humid, farming, high population
• Midwest humid, farming, moderate population
• West arid, farming, variable population

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Continued . . .

• Alaska cold, mineral resources, low population
• Hawaii warm, farming

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Section A.65. Explain the distribution of
freshwater on earth.

• Of all the water on earth, only 2.8 of it is
  fresh.
• OF all freshwater, most in in glaciers, then
  ground water, lakes, atmosphere and rivers.

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6. What are the phases of water?

• Solid - ice
• Liquid
• Gas water vapor

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7. Explain the diff. between surface and
groundwater.

• Surface water found in rivers and lakes

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Groundwater

• Found under the surface in aquifers.
• Must be pumped to the surface.

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Diagram of an aquifer
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8. How is groundwater formed?Is it pure? Where
is it found?

• Forms as precipitation seeps into soil and
  eventually to the rock beneath the soil
• As it moves through the soil it dissolves gases,
  soil and mineral. These become part of the
  solution.
• Found in the pores of sediment and rock beneath
  the surface.

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Section A.89. (Discuss this as a class.)
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Additional notes

• Distillation a water purification process that
  is based on the different boiling points of
  substances.
• Substances with lower b.p. vaporize first
• Collect different samples of distillate at the
  process continues.

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Tests for water purity

• Electrical Conductivity will detect the
  presence of ions
• Tyndall effect will show if there are suspended
  particles in the water.

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Section B.1Define these terms

• Density
• Aqueous solution
• 1. Explain what matter is.
• Matter is anything that takes up space and has
  mass. Includes all solids, liquids and gases.

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2. Give some of the physical properties of water.

• Freezing point is 0 degrees Celcius
• Boiling point is 100 degrees Celcius.
• Density is 1.00 g/ml
• Pure water is colorless, odorless and tasteless.

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Answer the question in figure 1.21.

• Sheeting means it rolls off the surface in a
  sheet rather than in drops.
• Why
• High surface tension the water molecules want
  to stick together due to strong molecular forces.

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4. Answer the 3 questions on p.28 about density.

• Section B.3
• Define the following vocabulary terms
• Heterogeneous mixture
• Homogeneous mixture
• Suspension Solution
• Tyndall Effect Solute
• Colloid Solvent

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5. List the types of mixtures discussed in this
section.

• Homogeneous mixtures or solutions
• Heterogeneous mixtures such as colloids and
  suspensions.
• A suspension of water
• and flour

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6. How is a suspension different than a colloid?

• Suspension have visible particles that will
  eventually settle out. They also tend to block
  light
• Colloids have microscopic particles suspended in
  them that will create the Tyndall Effect.

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7. Give 3 examples of solutions.

• Sugar water
• Salt water
• Air
• Tea with sugar

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8. How is the solute different from the solvent?

• A solution is made of two parts, the solute and
  the solvent.
• The solvent is the dissolving agent (it dissolves
  the solute)
• The solute is the
• substance being
• dissolved

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Section B.4 p. 31Define the vocab terms

• Atom
• Element
• Compound
• Chemical formula
• Substance
• Molecule

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9. Explain the difference between a substance and
a mixture.

• A substance has a uniform and definite
  composition ( like elements and compounds) that
  have unique properties.
• A mixture is made of two or more substances that
  can be separated.

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10. How is a compound different than an element?

• Elements are made up of only 1 type of atom.
• Compounds are made of two or more types of
  elements that have been chemically combined in a
  fixed proportion.

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Give the chemical formulas

• Baking soda
• Ammonia
• Chalk
• Octane

• NaHCO3
• NH3
• CaCO3
• C8H18

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12. Explain why oxygen, O2, is a molecule but
water is a molecular compound.

• Oxygen is made up of the same type of atoms and
  still has the properties of oxygen.
• In water, two elements have chemically changed to
  form something new with new chemical properties.

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Section B.6 p. 34-36Define these terms

• Chemical symbol
• Chemical formula
• Subscript
• Chemical equation
• Chemical reaction

• Reactants
• Products
• Diatomic molecules

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13. The language of chemistry is formulas. What
does this mean?

• Chemical formulas are the words of chemistry.
• We put them together in chemical equations or
  sentences to describe a chemical reaction.

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14. What is a chemical sentence? Why?

• A chemical sentence is a chemical equation.
• It is made up of chemical formulas
• It shows the reactants and products of a reaction

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15. What are the 7 diatomic elements? Give name
and formula.

• Hydrogen
• Nitrogen
• Oxygen
• Fluorine
• Chlorine
• Bromine
• Iodine

• H2
• N2
• O2
• F2
• Cl2
• Br2
• I2

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Section B.7 p. 36-37

• 16. Answer the questions, 1 3.

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Section B.817. What types of experiences do we
have that are evidence of the electrical nature
of matter?

• Static in your clothes
• Getting a shock from touching something
• Rubbing your hair with a balloon

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18. Explain the properties of the three types of
particles found in atoms.

• PROTONS found in the nucleus, have a
  positive charge
• NEUTRONS found in the nucleus, have no
  charge (are neutral)
• ELECTRONS found around the nucleus in the
  electron cloud, have a negative charge

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Section B.9Vocabulary.

• Ions
• Ionic compounds
• Anion
• Cation
• Polyatomic ion

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19. What is the difference between a sodium atom
and a sodium ion?

• A sodium atom would be electrically neutral (have
  no charge)
• A sodium ion has a negative charge because it can
  readily gain one electron

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Sodium atom changing to an ion
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20. What is an ionic compound?Give an example.
Also, give the anion and cation.

• Ionic compounds are substances made up of
  positive ions (cation) and negative ions
  (anions).
• EX. Hydrogen sulfide or H2S
• Hydrogen is the cation H
• Sulfur is the anion S2-

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Ion Effect Ions in solution.
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21. What are two rules for writing chemical
formulas of ionic cmpds?

• RULE 1 Place the cation first, then the anion
• RULE 2 The correct formula will contain the
  fewest positive and negative ions needed to make
  the total electrical charge equal to zero.

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22. How do you write the name of an ionic
compound?

• RULE 1 Write the name of the cation first,
  then the anion.
• RULE 2 - When the anion is a single atom, change
  the ending to -ide such as chlorine becoming
  chloride

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Section B.10 p. 41

• Make and complete a chart that answers the
  problems in this section.

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Section B.11 p.42Vocabulary.

• Confirming test
• Precipitate
• Qualitative test
• Quantitative test
• Reference solution

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Section B.12 p.45

• 23. Is distilled water 100 pure? Why or
  why not?
• It is NOT 100 pure because is still contains
  some dissolved gases.
• Some of these gases include nitrogen, oxygen and
  carbon dioxide.