Focus Question

1
Focus Question

• Define corrections in terms of criminal justice
• Then, provide three examples of corrections used
  in the US today. Provide pros and cons of each.

Corrections refers to the great number of
programs, services, facilities, and organizations
responsible for the management of people accused
or convicted of criminal offenses. In addition
to prisons and jail, corrections include
probation, halfway houses, education and work
release programs, parole supervision, counseling,
and community service.
2
History of Corrections in America

• Chapter 10 Criminal Justice in America

3
Colonial Period (1600s-1790s)

• Features
• Anglican Code
• Capital Corporal Punishments, fines
• 13 capital offenses
• Philosophical Basis
• Religious Law
• Doctrine of Predestination
• God has plan

4
Penitentiary Period (1790s-1860s)

• Features
• Separate Confinement
• Reform Individual
• Power of Isolation Labor
• According to severity of crime
• Philosophical Basis
• Enlightenment
• Declaration of Independence
• Religious Penitence
• Power of Reformation

5
Reformatory Period (1870s-1890s)

• Features
• Indeterminate Sentences
• Parole
• Rehab Programs
• Separate for Juveniles
• Philosophical Basis
• National Prison Assoc.
• Crime as moral disease
• Criminals as victims of social disorder

6
Progressive Period (1890s-1930s)

• Features
• Individual Case Approach
• Administrative Discretion
• Broader Probation Parole
• Juvenile Courts
• Philosophical Basis
• Age of Reform
• Punishment according to need
• Crime as urban, immigrant ghetto problem

7
Medical Period (1930s-1960s)

• Features
• Rehab primary focus
• Psychological testing
• Various types of treatment
• Philosophical Basis
• Biomedical Science
• Psychiatry Psychology
• Social Work Practice
• Crime as signal of personal distress or
  failure

8
Community Period (1960s 1970s)

• Features
• Reintegration into community
• Avoid Incarceration
• Vocational/Educational Programs
• Philosophical Basis
• Civil Rights Movement
• Critique of Prisons
• Small is better

9
Crime Control Period (1970s-2000s)

• Features
• Determinate Sentence
• Mandatory Sentence
• Sentencing guidelines
• Risk Management
• Philosophical Basis
• Crime Control
• Rising Crime Rates
• Political shift to right
• New punitive agenda