Benchmark Review

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Benchmark Review

• May 22nd exam

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Key Concepts

• Key Concept 1 Compounds contain carbon are
  called organic compounds.
• Key Concept 2 Many organic compounds often
  contain hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen
  and sulfur, in addition to carbon.
• Key Concept 3 All living things are made up of
  organic compounds.

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• Chemical change when a new substance is formed.
• Evidence of a chemical change Bubbles, Odor
  (generally evidence of a gas), Color change (not
  always reliable, but often), temperature change,
  evidence of burning
• Chemical digestion the process of breaking food
  down into smaller molecules

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• Physical change changing the state or appearance
  of something
• Examples breaking a pencil, melting an ice cube,
  freezing water
• Compare/contrast digestion
• Physical- chewing food, stomach muscles churning
  or breaking up food
• Chemical saliva in the mouth, stomach acids
  breaking down food molecules

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Work The product of force and distance when a
force is used to move an object

• It is work to move a block up a ramp. The steeper
  the ramp, the more work. However, the more MASS
  added, even more work has to be done, more so
  than making the ramp steeper.

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Gravity the force that pushes against everything.

• Unbalanced forces in order for things to move,
  one force has to be greater than the other-

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Reading a graph

• When is there no change on this graph?

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Inertia

• the tendency of an object to keep doing what its
  doing- still, it stays still moving, it keeps
  moving

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Turgor pressure

•  the pressure exerted on a plant cell wall by
  water passing into the cell by osmosis

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Pathogen

• any disease-producing agent, especially a virus,
  bacterium, or other microorganism.

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Input Force

• The force exerted on a machine

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Output force

• The force exerted on an object on a by a machine

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Homeostasis

• The process by which an organisms internal
  environment is kept stable in spite of changes in
  the external environment

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What turgor pressure does for a plant

• Turgor pressure helps the plant maintain a
  constant size and shape as the water exerts a
  force against the cell wall

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Response

• An action or change in behavior that occurs as
  the result of a stimulus

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Stimulus

• A change in an organisms surroundings that
  causes the organism to react

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Cell Theory

• What are the three parts to the cell theory?
• All living things are made of cells
• All cells come from pre-existing cells
• Cells are the basic structure and function of
  living things.
• Evidence of cell theory?? Give examples

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Survival

• What is needed for survival?
• food shelter water
• What is needed for life?
• energy (sun) oxygen carbon hydrogen
• Natural selection when a trait is beneficial for
  survival and is passed on to the next generation
  (no goal, an accident)
• Selective breeding when a trait is selected,
  such as dog-breeding or horse-breeding for a
  particular attribute or characteristic (a goal
  desired)

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• What is natural selection and how does it happen?
• Survival of the fittest, such as, if an
  organisms environment changes, the
  characteristics that it has inherited help
  determine whether it can adapt to the changed
  environment. For example, if an organism has
  adapted a very specialized diet in which it can
  eat only one thing, then that organism will not
  adapt to change easily.

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• What determines the speed of natural selection?
• The organisms reproduction rate.
• List a few organisms that have the ability to
  adapt very quickly (minutes to hours) versus some
  that take generations
• Bacteria, viruses, one-celled organisms,etc.
• Any multi-cellular organism, especially mammals

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• What is a dichotomous key? How is it used? What
  types of traits are most useful when using a key?
• A dichotomous key is a series of paired
  statements or questions that lead to the
  identification of an organism.
• Observable characteristics are best for a
  dichotomous key.

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• How are the bright colors of a coral snake,
  poison dart frog, or monarch butterfly an
  advantage when they do nothing to provide
  camouflage?
• Answers.
• They provide a warning or our a subterfuge (hide
  something- like the monarch butterfly)

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Mimicry

• Monarch Butterfly

• Viceroy Butterfly

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• Sometimes, the adaption is as a warning to
  predators- Dont mess with us! Were poisonous!

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Adaptations

• An adaptation is a trait that enables an organism
  to survive and reproduce in its environment.
• Examples mimicry and camouflage

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Trial and Error Learning

• Trial and error learning occurs when an animal,
  through repeated practice, learns to perform a
  behavior more and more skillfully.

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What is the definition of adaptation?

• It is a trait that enables an organism to survive
  and reproduce in its environment.

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Reproductive Adaptations

• Organisms have many adaptations that help ensure
  that reproduction will take place. For example,
  many flowers have brightly colored petals or
  strong scents that attract insects. The insects
  pick up pollen, which contains sperm cells and
  carry it to other flowers. This enables the
  sperm in the pollen to fertilize an egg in the
  second flower.

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Adaptation and Environmental Change

• If an organisms environment changes, the
  characteristics that it has inherited help
  determine whether it can adapt to the changed
  environment. For example, if an organism has
  adapted a very specialized diet in which it can
  eat only one thing, then that organism will not
  adapt to change easily.

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• This is what has happened to the Giant Panda.
  The forests that grow bamboo, the pandas only
  food, have partially been destroyed. Since their
  food supply has been reduced the
  numbers of Giant Panda have
  drastically decreased.

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• 1. What three factors affect the biodiversity of
  an ecosystem?
• Area, climate, and niche diversity
• 2. What is one reason coral reefs are such
  diverse ecosystems?
• The provide many different niches for organisms,
  so more species can live there than in a more
  uniform environment.

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• When is asexual reproduction more advantageous
  than sexual reproduction?
• Advantages of asexual Large numbers of offspring
  are reproduced very quickly from only one parent
  when conditions are favorable, environments that
  are stable and experience very little change are
  the best places for organism that reproduce
  asexually. Large number of organisms mean that
  species may survive when conditions or predators
  are numerous
• Disadvantages of asexual Unfavorable conditions
  such as extreme temperatures can wipe out entire
  colonies

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• What drives biodiversity (what at the cellular
  level causes it?)
• The sustainability (the quality of not being
  harmful to the environment or depleting natural
  resources, and thereby supporting long-term
  ecological balance of species) of a species in an
  ecosystem.
• Genetic code- DNA

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• How are managed areas such as tree farms and
  fisheries different in regards to biodiversity
  than a comparable natural area?
• Is there greater biodiversity, less, or the same?
• View the pictures on the next slide and write
  your answer

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Forest
Tree Farm
Fish Farm
Fish in a lake
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• Identify three ways that biodiversity is
  important
• Economic value supply raw materials for many
  products, especially medicines
• Interconnectedness we are all in this together
  idea- write an explanation of what that means to
  you and how it applies here.
• Gene pool diversity species that lack diversity
  are less able to adapt to difficult situations.

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• When is asexual reproduction more advantageous
  than sexual reproduction?
• Advantages of asexual Large numbers of offspring
  are reproduced very quickly from only one parent
  when conditions are favorable, environments that
  are stable and experience very little change are
  the best places for organism that reproduce
  asexually. Large number of organisms mean that
  species may survive when conditions or predators
  are numerous
• Disadvantages of asexual Unfavorable conditions
  such as extreme temperatures can wipe out entire
  colonies

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Photosynthesis

• Radiant energy (sunlight/visible light) is
  trapped by chloroplast and converted by
  chlorophyll into chemical energy in the form of
  glucose (sugar)

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Food Chain

• Identify the producers and first and second level
  consumers in this food chain

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Energy in a Food Chain

• What happens to energy as it passes through a
  food chain?

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Energy Pyramid
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Food web review What happens when you remove an
organism from the web?
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What do the lines in a food web show?
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What are some of the limitations of this web
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• Review the levels of organization. What is the
  smallest example. (Remember that cells have
  special names when they have a special function,
  i.e., neuron
• Cells -gt Tissue -gt Organ -gt Organ System -gt
  Organism

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• What is biodiversity? What are three factors that
  affect biodiversity?
• Biodiversity- the number of species in an area
• 3 factors that affect biodiversity include area,
  climate, and diversity of niche
• Niche- an organisms particular role in an
  ecosystem, or how it makes its living