http//www.ioa.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/kisohp/STAFF/nakada/intro-j.html

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?7? ?????????????
??16?11?29?
???????? http//www.ioa.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/kisohp/STAF
F/nakada/intro-j.html ???????????? nakada_at_kiso.ioa
.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp
?????????????????????????????????????????5????????
?????????????????????????????????????????? M2?B4??
????????????????
2
7.1.???? (configuration)
?????????????????????? n???? (principal
quantum number) l????? (azymuthal quantum
number) m????? (magnetic quantum
number) ??????(shell)?????K-??????????????

???? n 1(K) 2(L) 2(L) 2(L) 2(L) 3(M) 3(M) 3(M) 3(M)
????? l 0(s) 0(s) 1(p) 1(p) 1(p) 0(s) 1(p) 1(p) 1(p)
????? m 0 0 -1 0 1 0 -1 0 1
??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??
???? n 3(M)(??) 3(M)(??) 3(M)(??) 3(M)(??) 3(M)(??)
????? l 2(d) 2(d) 2(d) 2(d) 2(d)
????? m -2 -1 0 1 2
??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??
????? n4(N), 5(O),6(P)
3
??n???l?(???????????)???????????? ????????????????
???????????? -? nl(??)????????
(nl)???????????????????? n l 1s 2s 2p
3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d . nl 1
2 3 3 4 4 5 5 5
..

??????????????? ???????????????
H He 1s (1s)2 Li
Be (1s)22s (1s)2(2s)2  B
C N O
F Ne (1s)2(2s)22p
(1s)2(2s)2(2p) 2 (1s)2(2s)2(2p) 3
(1s)2(2s)2(2p) 4 (1s)2(2s)2(2p) 5
(1s)2(2s)2(2p) 6
4
(??) (?????Cr?Cu??????????)
Na Mg ..(2p) 6(3s) ..(2p)
6(3s)2 Al Si
P S
Cl Ar .(3s)23p ..
(3s)2(3p) 2 .. (3s)2(3p) 3 .. (3s)2(3p) 4
.. (3s)2(3p) 5 .. (3s)2(3p) 6   K
Ca (3p) 64s (3p) 6 (4s)2
Sc Ti
V Cr
Mn (3p) 63d(4s)2 (3p) 6 (3d)2 (4s)2
(3p) 6 (3d)3 (4s)2 (3p) 6 (3d)5 4s (3p) 6
(3d)5 (4s)2   Fe
Co Ni
Cu Zn (3p) 6 (3d)6
(4s)2 (3p) 6 (3d)7 (4s)2 (3p) 6 (3d)8 (4s)2
(3p) 6 (3d)10 4s (3p) 6 (3d)10 4s
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7.2.? (term), ?? (level), ?? (state),
?????? (line)?multiplet
k??????????????k??????????????????????????????k???
??????????????L?S?????????L?S?????????(term)???? ?
????J??L?S??????? LS ???????????????????J????????
????????(level)???? ????J?Z??M????????????????????
???????(state)????
??
???
??? ???? ( configuration) (n1l1)
(n2l2)(nklk) ? ( term )
(n1l1) (n2l2)(nklk) SL
(2S1)(2L1) ?? (level)
(n1l1) (n2l2)(nklk) SLJ 2J1 ?? (
state) (n1l1)
(n2l2)(nklk) SLJM 1 S s1 s2 s3
sk L l1 l2 l3 . lk
JSL? MMJ
6
?(term)
??(level)
??(state)
multiplet
line
????????L?l????? L 1 2 3 4 S P D
F
?????? (line) ??(level)???? multiplet
?(term)???????
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? (Term)
??????????????????????????????????
LSl????????????? (term) ???? ??(n1l1)
(n2l2)(nklk) SL ??????? ???? LSl, SSs,
JLS (LS??)

• g LS(LS???? ) ? (2S1) ?? SltL???
• 
  (2L1) ?? SgtL???

????? ???????(shell)?L0,S0?????????????
????? ???????L?S????????????(n?l)?????????
?? ??????
?1 p??(l1)d??(l2) 2????????l????(?????) ??
L12 ? L3 (F), 2(D), 1(P) S
1/21/2 ? S 1, 0 2S1L 1P, 1D,
1F, 3P, 3D, 3F (S?L?????????)
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?2 2??p?? (l1)
???? ??(n,l) ??????????????? 2??p?????ml(1,0?-
1)?ms(1/2?-1/2) ??????????? ?????????????(ms1/2
), ?(ms - 1/2) ?????????
ml 1 0 -1
S ml ML SmsMS ( ml ms)
?? 2 0 ( 1, 1/2) ( 1,
-1/2) ? ? 1 1 ( 1, 1/2) (
0, 1/2) ? ? 1 0 ( 1, 1/2)
( 0, -1/2) ? ? 1 0 ( 1, -1/2) (
0, 1/2) ? ? 1 - 1
( 1, -1/2) ( 0, -1/2) ? ? 0
1 ( 1, 1/2) (-1 , 1/2) ?
? 0 0
( 1, 1/2) (-1 , -1/2) ? ?
0 0
(1, -1/2) (-1 , 1/2) ? ?
0 - 1 (1, -1/2)
(-1 , -1/2) ?? 0 0
(0, 1/2) ( 0, -1/2) ? ?
-1 1 ( 0,
1/2) (-1, 1/2) ? ? -1
0 ( 0, 1/2) (-1, - 1/2)
? ? -1 0
( 0, -1/2) (-1, 1/2) ? ? -1
- 1 ( 0, -1/2) (-1,
-1/2) ?? -2
- 0 (-1, 1/2) (-1, - 1/2)
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???????p??2????15????????????????L,S???????15?????
15??????????????? S ml ML??????????2????MS0?????
???????L2?S0?????????????????(L1,0??? ML
2???????L3?????? ML3??????)????L2,S0?????????
????????????Ms0??ML2,1,0?-1?-2????????
ml 1 0 -1
S ml ML SmsMS
?? 2 0 ? 1D (L2? S0) ? ?
1 1 3P (L1, S1) ? ?
1 0 ? ? ? 1 0 ? ?
1 - 1 ? ? 0
1 ? ?
0 0 ? ? ?
0 0 ?
? 0 - 1
?? 0 0 ? 1S
(L0, S0) ? ? -1 1
? ? -1 0
? ? ? -1 0 ?
? -1 - 1
?? -2 - 0 ?
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?????( ml ms) ( 1, 1/2) ( 1, -1/2)
?(L?S)????????????(L,S)???????????????????????????
?(ML, MS)????????? (ML, MS) (1,1)??????L1,S1???
??????????? (ML, MS) (1,1) (1,0) (1,-1) (0,1)
(0,0) (0,-1) (-1,1) (-1,0) (-1,-1)???( ml
ms)9???????? ????(ML, MS) (0,0)????????????????
?L0,S0????????? ???????? 2????p?????
(L,S)(2,0)?(1,1)?(0,0)??????????????(2,1)?(1,0)??
???? ?? 2S1L ?????????? (L,S) (2,0) (1,1)
(0,0) 2S1L 1D 3P 1S
???? ???????JLS???????????
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?? (level)
?(term)???? J ???? (level) ???????????? 1D
?(L2,S0)??JLS202????? 3P?(L1,S1)??JLS1
12,1,0?????? ????S,L,J??????2S1LJ?????????????2
????p????????????? ???? ?
??
?? (configuration) (term) (level)
(state)
1S
1S0 JM0
1D
(2p)2
1D2 JM2,1,0,-1,-2
3P2 JM2,1,0,-1,-2
3P
1D
3P1 JM1,0,-1
3P0 JM0
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?(term) ?J??????(level)????????? ???? ( fine
structure) ???? ???2????????????
S????LS??J0????????????
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7.3.????????????????
(i) ????
???????????? E 2pp anh ????
Kp2/2me2/2(4peo)a ???? ? p2/m(nh/2p)2
/(a2m) e2/ (4peo) a
( h?L 13.6 eV )
?????????????????
?????L?S????????????????????????????????????????(s
hell)??????????????J??????????????????????????
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??????????
?(shell)
?(term)
??(level)
2D 2P 2S
n3(M?) (3s), (3p), (3d)
2D5/2
2D3/2 2P3/2
2P1/2 2S1/2
2P 2S
n2(L?) (2s), (2p)
2P3/2
2P1/2 2S1/2
2S
n1(K?) (1s)
2S1/2
L???????????????J?????????????????
??????????????
????
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??????????
?????????
?? ?? n 2 n 1
??????(Balmer) H a n3 ? n2 ß
n4 ? n2 ? n5 ? n2
Ha Hß H?
h?L 13.6 eV
??????(Lyman) Lyman a n2 ? n1 ß n3
? n1 ? n4 ? n1
Lya LyßLy?
n?1 n?2 n?3 n?4 Lyman Balmer Paschen
Brackett
16
????a?
Lya (???? ?????)H (????)
2p 2P3/2
2 s 2S1/2
2p 2P1/2
1215.668 A
1215.674 A
Two Photon A(2S)8.23/s
1s 2S1/2
???( resonance line)?????? ???????
??gt??????1????? ???????A(2P)4.7 108 / sec
??????????? ????????,???????????????Lya?????1S
???H?????????????????????
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(ii) s???
???????Li, Na, K, Sc,..??????????s???1???? ???????
???? ??????????????????Te lt 5000 K (K????? )
??K?Na ?????????????
?? Eion(eV) Li(2s) 5.4 Na(3s)
5.1 K (4s) 4.3 Rb(5s) 4.2 Cs
(6s) 3.9  
He
Ne
Ar
H
B
Na
Al
Li
K
18
(s)??1Na
Na (1s)2(2s)2(2p) 6 (3s) 2S1/2 ????
3s?? ??gt L0, S1/2, J1/2 ? 2S1/2 ?1????
3p?? ??gt L1, S1/2, J1/2, ? 2P1/2

??gt L1, S1/2, J3/2, ? 2P3/2
(4s) 2S1/2
2P ?(term) S1/2, L1
D1 line 5889 A
D2 line 5895 A
2S ?(term) S1/2, L0
g2
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(s)??2 Ca II
Ca II ?????????? (1s)2(2s)2 (2p)6 (3s)2 (3p)6
(4s) 2S ????? (1s)2(2s)2 (2p)6 (3s)2
(3p)6 (3d) 2D ?
(1s)2(2s)2 (2p)6 (3s)2 (3p)6 (4s) 2P ????
CaII triplet
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G?????
Mg b
g
D
Hß
Ha
H?
B
CaII triplet
K, H
A
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(p)2?
?1NII Ground -level (1s)2(2s)2 (2p)2
3P (p)2 ? ???? 1D, 3P, 1S ? (term) ?????
NII (2p)2
22
(p)2??2OIII
(2p)2 1D, 3P, 1S
23
(p)3?
?1 OII (2p)3
24
(p)3? ?2 SII
SII (3p)3
25
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??7 ??16? 11?29?
??????????7-B??????
?? 7-A ??p???3?????? 4S, 2P, 2D
???????????????p2????????????p???4?????5?????????
?? 7-B ??????????????????????????????????????
????
???(cm-3)
????
N2
g2
????
????
????
N2 A21
NeN1 C12
NeN2 C21
N1
g1
????
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??????????NeN1 C12 NeN2 C21 N2 A21
??????HII?????OII????????????OII3726?OII3729??
???????????????????????????????(???????)??????T80
00-12000K???? OII3726
OII3729 ??2(?) 2D3/2 g4
2D5/2 g6 ??1(?) 4S3/2 g4
4S3/2 g4 O(1,2) 0.588
0.882 A21 (s-1) 1.810-4
4.210-5
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(1) ???? I ?N2A21h???????????2???????? R(
I3729 / I3726 ) ?Ne(cm-3)?????????? (2)
Ne?0?Ne?8???R?????????????????? (3) ???R????
log10 Ne (cm-3) ???????????(1ltNelt105) (4)
????HII????????????????????R??????
????T10000K???????????Ne(cm-3)?????
(1-2??????) ??? R HII??
NGC1976A 0.50 M8(Hourglass)
0.65 NGC7000 1.38 ?????
NGC7027 0.48 NGC3587 1.34
IC418 0.37