Evidence for Evolution

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Food Web
Bacteria
Gel Electrophoresis
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Evidence for Evolution
Causes of Evolution
Viruses
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Natural Selection (Darwin)
Taxonomic Levels From most general/inclusive To
most specific/related
Flowers And Seeds
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• Adaptive radiation a population splits and
  different traits are adaptive.
• Geographic isolation part of a population is
  separated.
• Genetic diversity by mutation or in gene pool
• Natural selection

• Variation in populations
• Overpopulation or predators
• Competition for survival/mates
• Survival/reproduction of best adapted / fittest.

• Biochemical analysis (DNA, amino acids, proteins)
• Fossil record
• Anatomy (if similar bone arrangement homologous
• Development / embryology
• More in common more related

A
B
C

• Separates DNA by size (smallest goes farthest)
• Identifies paternity and criminals

• Prokaryotic cells (no nucleus no membrane-bound
  organelles) unicellular
• Important for
• decomposers,
• for Nitrogen cycle,
• for gene research (recombinant DNA with plasmids)
• First cells to evolve

Kingdom (general / most number of
species Phylum Class Order Family Genus
Scientific name Species Most specific may
interbreed
E
F
D
D Secondary consumers
E C Primary Consumes O M Producers P
Arrows follow transfer for energy O S
Producers have most energy E R Energy is lost
as it move up S (10rule)

• Flowers reproductive organ of angiosperm plants
• Male part stamen/pollen
• Female part carpel or pistil (produce egg)
• Pollination transfer of pollen
• Seed plant embryo stored food (endosperm).
  Surrounded by fruit (forms ovary of plant.)

• Not living because they cannot reproduce outside
  a living organism (have no cells)
• Two reproductive cycles
• Lytic fast, destroys cell
• Lysogenic slower, viral genetic material hides
  in cell

G
H
I
3

• Organic Molecules
• Polymers
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acids

What happens will cells are placed in a
saltier environments? Why?
Three types of RNA and their function.
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• If DNA is.
• CGAAGCATT
• What would be.
• Complementary DNA
• mRNA

Functions Of Enzymes
Function of the Cell Membrane
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Function of Chloroplasts Mitochondria Ribos
ome
Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration
Differences between Plant and Animal Cells
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• Opposites of each other
• Photosynthesis
• Converts sunlight into chemical energy
• CO2 H20 light ? glucose O2
• Respiration
• Converts sugars into cell energy (ATP)
• C6H12O6 O2 ? H2O CO2 ATP
• Used by ALL ORGANISMS!!

Made of Examples C
Monosaccharide Sugar, starch P Amino
acids Meat, enzymes L Fatty acids
and fats, oil, was glycerol or
phosphate phosopholipid NA Nucleotides
DNA and RNA
Chloroplasts site of photosynthesis Mitochondr
ia site of cellular respiration Ribosome
site of protein synthesis Site means
location!
K
J
L
Plant Cells have cell walls, chloroplasts,
large vacuoles Animal Cells have Centrioles
(used for cell division) BOTH ARE EUKARYOTIC!
(have membrane bound organelles and a nucleus)

• Lock and Key
• Acts as a catalyst (speed up reactions)
• Lowers activation energy
• Works best at Optimum conditions! (this is
  different for each enzyme)

Cells lose water in saltier than usual
environments because of osmosis!!
O
N
M

• Selectively permeable (regulates materials coming
  in/out of the cell)
• Gives cytoplasm a boundary / shape
• HOMEOSTASIS (home stays as it!!)

mRNA makes copy of DNA/gene and takes to
ribosome rRNA makes up ribosome along with
proteins tRNA brings an amino acid to the
ribosome, anticodon pairs with mRNA codon
COMPLEMENTARY DNA (give) CGA AGC ATT (new) GCT
TCG TAA COMPLEMENTARY mRNA (DNA) CGA AGC
ATT (mRNA) GCU UCG UAA
P
R
Q
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Asexual Vs. Sexual Reproduction
What is a gene?
What happens in Protein Synthesis?
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Mitosis Vs. Meiosis
Gametes
Three Genotypes
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Recombinant DNA
Karyotype
Paths of Inheritance (be able to do punnett
squares)
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Asexual one parent makes IDENTICAL
COPY!! Sexual Two parents genetic diversity
uses gametes (egg and sperm)
DNA transcription (mRNA) translation protein
made causes trait
Found on a chromosome Section of DNA Used to
make a protein Controls traits!
S
U
T

• Mitosis
• Makes identical copy of cell
• Produces 2 daughter cells
• Used by somatic body cells
• Meiosis
• Reduces chromosome number by half
• Produces 4 daughter cells
• Makes haploid gametes

Homozygous Dominant (AA) Heterozygous
(Aa) Homozygous recessive (aa)
Recessive phenotype

• Sex cells
• Haploid (contains only one copy of each
  chromosome/half of diploid)
• Fuse together in fertilization

Dominant Phenotype
X
W
V

• DNA from two different species!
• Plasmid Human gene
• cleave
• splice together
• Geneplasmid
• Recombinant DNA

• Dominant one allele dominant
• Recessive allele hidden by dominant
• Codominance both alleles equal, both show up!
• Incomplete Dominance Neither allele dominant,
  blending together
• Sex-linked on X chromosome, no male carriers

• Picture of chromosomes (should have a total of 46
  (23 pairs)
• Shows chromosomal abnormalities (Ex. Downs
  Syndrome Trisomy 21)
• Usually follows an amniocentesis

Y
Z
aa
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• Symbiosis
• Mutualism
• Commensalism
• Parasitism

Levels of Organization in the BIOSPHERE
Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles
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Steps of an Immune Response
Environmental Problems
Biomagnification
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Innate Behaviors
Learned Behaviors
Behaviors as Adaptations
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• Carbon Cycle
• - Respiration releases carbon as CO2 (carbon
  dioxide)
• Photosynthesis removes carbon and makes sugar
  (C6H12O6)
• Burning Fossil fuels releases CO2
• Nitrogen Cycle
• Nitrogen-fixing bacteria remove N2 from air and
  make nitrates
• - Nitrogen in the air -gt bacteria -gt plants -gt
  animals Fertilizers add excess nitrogen

• Two species living together permanently
• Mutualism ( ) both benefit
• Commensalism ( 0) one isnt helped or harmed
• Parasitism ( -) One is harmed

Biosphere (all of life on earth) Biomes (ex.
Desert, grassland) Community (only
biotic/living) Population (members of one
species) Niche (total way of life for organism,
food)
dd
cc
bb

• Exposure to antigen (foreign invader)
• T cells sound alarm and destroy antigens
• B cells make protein antibodies which tag
  antigens
• B cells remember to make antibodies forever,
  resulting in active immunity (vs. passive where
  antibodies are given, not made)

• Overpopulation cause of all environmental
  problems
• Global warming too much CO2 in atmosphere
  increases average global temperature -gtflooding,
  climate change
• Ozone depletion CFCs destroy ozone layer -gt
  increase UV radiation exposure -gt increases
  cancer and crop damage

• Pesticides and contaminants move up the food
  chain
• Chemical contaminants are stored
  (bioaccumulation) and magnified in organisms
  higher up the food chain because predators
  accumulate pesticides in the bodies of their
  prey.

gg
ff
ee

• Instinctive behaviors improve survival rates.
• Protective behaviors (spray, teeth bared) turn
  predators away and defends resources
• Parental behaviors (advanced in birds and
  mammals) increase survival of young.
• Communication and courtship allow mate
  recognition

• Require higher level nervous system change with
  experience and practice.
• Classical conditioning (unrelated stimulus and
  reward/punishment
• Operant conditioning (trial and error learning)
• Insight / reasoning
• Language

• Genetic and Inborn
• Automatic (reflex and instinct)
• Courtship
• Territoriality
• Aggression
• Dominance hierarchy
• Biological rhythms (migration, clocks)
• Some communication (need to sing in birds)

jj
hh
ii
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• EOC Review Flashcards
• Match up fronts (numbered words) and backs
  (definitions with letters) and staple, glue or
  tape them together. You should have 36 total.
• Draw a picture on each front.
• On a separate sheet of paper
• Write 6 sentences that connect two different
  words/phrases. Underline the words/phrases.
• Write 5 sentences that connect three different
  words/phrases.
• Write 4 sentences that connect four different
  words/phrases.
• Write 8 sentences that connect one word/phrase
  with a STERNGRR word.
• Example Viruses and bacteria can both
  infectious agents, but (what more can be added
  to make this useful?)