BEHAVIORAL THEORISTS

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BEHAVIORAL THEORISTS

• IVAN PAVLOV
• B.F. SKINNER
• A MAJOR PREMISE AND ORIENTATION BEHIND
  BEHAVIORISM IS THAT PSYCHOLOGY SHOULD STUDY ONLY
  OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR

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IVAN PAVLOV

• RUSSIAN PHYSIOLOGIST
• HE STUDIED THE IMPORTANCE OF SALIVA IN THE
  DIGESTIVE PROCESS OF DOGS

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PSYCHIC REFLEXES

• DOGS RESTRAINED IN HARNESS
• COLLECTED SALIVA
• HE PAIRED MEAT POWDER WITH DIFFERENT STIMULI

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IMPLICATIONS OF PAVLOVS WORK

• CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN
  SHAPING EMOTIONAL RESPONSES LIKE FEAR, ANXIETY,
  AND PHOBIAS
• USED IN ADVERTISING

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B.F. SKINNER

• A STRICT BEHAVIORIST
• HE DID NOT BELIEVE IN INTERNAL MENTAL STATES
• THE SKINNER BOX OPERANT CONDITIONING

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SKINNERS THEORY

• BEHAVIOR IS INFLUENCED BY REWARDS AND PUNSHMENTS
• HE TRAINED RATS TO RESPOND TO LIGHTS AND SOUNDS
• REINFORCEMENT

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APPLICATION OF SKINNERS WORK

• USED IN PRISONS AND MENTAL HOSPITALS
• REINFORCERS ARE USED TO PRODUCE POSITIVE
  BEHAVIORS
• TOKEN ECONOMIES SHAPE BEHAVIOR

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THE HUMANISTIC APPROACH
MASLOW ROGERS
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ABRAHAM MASLOW

• HUMANISTS BELIEVED THAT PSYCHOANALYSIS AND
  BEHAVIOR-ISM ARE DEHUMANIZING
• EMPHASIS ON UNIQUENESS
• POSITIVE, OPTIMISTIC

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HUMANS HAVE MANY NEEDS

• PEOPLE HAVE MANY NEEDS THAT COMPETE
• BIOLOGICAL MOTIVES
• SOCIAL MOTIVES
• HUMAN NEEDS ARE ORGANIZED IN A HIERARCHY

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MASLOWS HIERARCHY

• THE NEEDS AT THE BOTTOM ARE THE MOST BASIC
  (HUNGER)
• THE NEXT LEVELSAFETY NEEDS
• NEXT BELONGING AND LOVE

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PYRAMID CONTINUED

• ESTEEM NEEDS
• COGNITIVE NEEDS
• AESTHETIC NEEDS
• SELF-ACTUALIZED

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APPLICATIONS OF MASLOWS WORK

• IN THE FIELD OF BUSINESS
• IN THE ARTS AND HUMANITIES
• CRITICISMS

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CARL ROGERS

• CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY
• CCT PROVIDES A SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENT
• IN CCT, THE CLIENT DETERMINES THE PACE
  DIRECTION OF THERAPY

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WHAT CAUSES ANXIETY?

• ANXIETY IS CAUSED BY INCONSISTENCY BETWEEN A
  PERSONS SELF-CONCEPT AND REALITY.
• HOW YOU PERCEIVE YOURSELF

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DO WE NEED CONSTANT APPROVAL FROM OTHERS?

• ROGERS BELIEVED THIS WAS THE ROOT CAUSE OF
  CLIENTS' PROBLEMS
• THE CLIENT NEEDS TO DEVELOP INSIGHT
• YOU CANT ALWAYS PLEASE OTHERS

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THE THERAPEUTIC CLIMATE

• THE PROCESS OF THERAPY IS LESS RELEVANT THAN THE
  CLIMATE OF THE THERAPY
• THERAPYS ROLE

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QUALITIES OF A GOOD THERAPIST

• GENUINENESS
• UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD
• EMPATHY

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THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS

• THE THERAPIST PROVIDES VERY LITTLE GUIDANCE
• THE THERAPIST KEEPS ADVICE TO A MINIMUM
• THERAPIST PROVIDES FEEDBACK

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THE COGNITIVE APPROACH

• HUMAN BEHAVIOR CANNOT BE FULLY UNDERSTOOD
  WITHOUT EXAMINING HOW PEOPLE ACQUIRE, STORE, AND
  PROCESS INFORMATION
• ELLIS PIAGET WERE INFLUENTIAL COGNITIVE
  THINKERS

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JEAN PIAGET

• CHILD PSYCHOLOGIST
• HE FOUND ANSWERS TO HUMAN BEHAVIOR BY STUDYING
  CHILDREN
• INFLUENTIAL IN SCHOOL REFORM

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HIS VIEW OF CHILDREN

• CHILDREN ARE NOT BLANK SLATES OR EMPTY
  VESSELS
• CHILDREN INVENT THEIR OWN LOGIC
• OBSERVATION OF CHILDRENS MINDS

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LESSONS PIAGET LEARNED FROM CHILDREN

• CHILDREN TAKING IQ TESTS MADE SIMILAR ERRORS
• KNOWLEDGE IS DISCOVERED BY OBSERVING A CHILDS
  MIND
• KNOWLEDGE BUILDS AS KIDS GROW

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AN EXPERIMENT

• THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION (AGES 57)
• CHILDREN UNDER AGE 5 ARE EGOCENTRIC
• BY AGE 7 OBJECT PERMANENCE IS RECOGNIZED

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STAGE 1 SENSORIMOTOR

• SIMPLE MOTOR RESPONSES TO SENSORY STIMULI NO
  CONCEPTION OF OBJECT PERMANENCE
• USE OF SCHEMAS

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STAGE 2 PREOPERATIONAL

• AGES 1 ½7
• EXHIBITS EGOCENTRIC THINKING
• LACKS CONCEPT OF CONSERVA-TION
• USES SYMBOLS, WORDS, MENTAL IMAGES

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STAGE 3 CONCRETE OPERATIONS

• AGES 711
• BEGINS TO UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF CONSERVATION
• STILL HAS SOME TROUBLE WITH ABSTRACT IDEAS
• CLASSIFICATION

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STAGE 4 FORMAL OPERATIONS

• AGES 11ADULT
• UNDERSTANDS ABSTRACT IDEAS AND HYPOTHETICAL
  SITUATIONS
• CAPABLE OF LOGICAL THINKING
• NERVOUS SYSTEM