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Rodney E. Stanley, Ph.D.

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Incrementalism The Perennial Budgeting Question is in essence a Public Policy Question. Title: The Urbanization of the World Author: Rodney Stanley Last modified by: – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Rodney E. Stanley, Ph.D.


1
The Role of AGA in the Public Policy Budgeting
Process in Tennessee
  • Rodney E. Stanley, Ph.D.
  • Associate Professor Chair
  • Department of Public Administration
  • College of Public Service
  • Urban Affairs
  • Tennessee State University

2
Introduction
  • Public Policy Defined
  • Public Budgeting Defined
  • Tennessee Lottery
  • On what basis shall it be determined to allocate
    X dollars to activity A instead of activity B
    (V.O. Key, 1940)?
  • The Perennial Budgeting Question is in essence a
    Public Policy Question.
  • The Role of AGA in the Public Policy Process

3
What is Public Policy?
  • Public Policy is the sum of government
    activities, whether acting directly or through
    agents, as those actions have an influence on the
    lives of citizens.
  • Three Levels of Public Policy
  • Policy Choices
  • Policy Formulation
  • Policy Outputs
  • Policy Implementation
  • Policy Impacts
  • Policy Evaluation

4
Public Policy Outputs (choices put into action)
  • Inputs -Parochial interests of the stakeholders
    involved in the process.
  • Black Box Political negotiation that is not
    considered systematic.
  • Outputs Budget document outlining purposes and
    goals.
  • Evaluation Results are merged into inputs for
    future budgetary decisions.
  • Environment the political culture of a nation,
    state or locality making budgetary decisions.

5
Policy Preferences Where Do They Come From?
  • Public Policy Budget Theory
  • Partisan Politics
  • Conservative/Liberal value judgments
  • Professional Hunch

6
Public Policy Impacts
  • Defined as, The effect that both policy choices
    outputs have on citizens.
  • Tennessee Lottery
  • What citizen groups were effected by the adoption
    of the state lottery?

7
Tennessee Lottery Example
  • Policy Choices Formulation
  • Who were the stakeholders Why this particular
    policy?
  • Policy Outputs Implementation
  • What results in Higher Education have we
    witnessed?
  • Policy Impacts Evaluation
  • Is the Hope Scholarship working?

8
Public Policy Public Budgeting
  • How important are fiscal resources in all three
    stages of policy formulation, implementation and
    evaluation?
  • On what basis shall it be determined to allocate
    X dollars to activity A instead of activity B
    (V.O. Key, 1940)?

9
What is Public Budgeting?
  • A collection of documents that refer to the
    financial conditions and the future plans of an
    organization (Lee and Johnson, 2004 16).
  • The documents include revenue information,
    expenditures, activities and purposes or goals.

10
Purposes and Goals
  • What are they?
  • What function do purposes and goals serve in
    public policy budgeting?
  • State Policy financial Preferences by those in
    power.

11
Dimensions of the Public Budget
  • Political Instrument for Distributing and
    Redistributing Scarce Resources
  • A Managerial Tool For Describing The Ways and
    Means of Program Funding
  • Economic Instrument
  • Accounting and Auditing Instrument

12
Services Provided
  • Public
  • Public Good
  • Privatization/Contracting Out
  • Externalities
  • Responsibility and Accountability to Constituents

13
Values in Public Budgeting Public Policy
  • Efficiency
  • Effectiveness
  • Equity
  • Accountability

14
Accountability The Role of AGA
  • What is it and why is it important?
  • How is accountability of budgetary
    decision-making exercised in America?
  • Through Democracy

15
Where Does Their Budget Authority Come From?
  • Constitution
  • Explicit or Implied?
  • 1921 Budget Reform Act
  • Does the Bureaucracy have a constitutional
    legitimacy in the budget process?

16
State Level
  • Governor
  • Legislature
  • Courts
  • Bureaucracy

17
How Are Budgetary Decisions Made?
  • Mixed-Scanning
  • Rationalism
  • Process Oriented
  • Systematically

18
Mixed-Scanning
  • Incrementalism and Rationalism combined
  • Small Marginal changes are made at the request of
    political players, as a result of the political
    process.
  • Based on previous years figures
  • Comprehensive analysis utilizes data sources and
    statistical techniques

19
Problems With Mixed-Scanning
  • Assumes that the correct mix of incrementalism
    and comprehensive modeling can be determined to
    make budgetary decisions.

20
Rationalism
  • Cost/Benefit Analysis
  • Define a problem
  • Solution
  • Alternative Solutions
  • Analysis
  • Select the program or service that offers the
    greatest good for the greatest number
    (Utilitarianism)

21
Problems With Rationalism
  • Assumes that enough time and data exists to make
    every budgetary decision.
  • Unrealistic
  • Complicated
  • No specifications for evaluation

22
Systems Approach To Budgeting
  • Inputs -Parochial interests of the stakeholders
    involved in the process.
  • Black Box Political negotiation that is not
    considered systematic.
  • Outputs Budget document outlining purposes and
    goals.
  • Evaluation Results are merged into inputs for
    future budgetary decisions.
  • Environment the political culture of a nation,
    state or locality making budgetary decisions.

23
Problems With The Systems Approach
  • No one has been successful in identifying what
    takes place in the Black Box.
  • Assumes that all inputs are knowledgeable and
    correct about the budgetary decisions at hand.
  • Assumes all outputs can be evaluated.

24
Summary of Public Policy Budgetary
Decision-Making
  • The consensus suggests that all four types of
    decision-making are utilized in budgeting.

25
Conclusion
  • On what basis shall it be determined to allocate
    X dollars to activity A instead of activity B
    (V.O. Key, 1940)?
  • Incrementalism
  • The Perennial Budgeting Question is in essence a
    Public Policy Question.
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