Midterm%20Review:%20Foundations%20Unit%20Through%20600%20C.E.

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Midterm Review Foundations UnitThrough 600 C.E.
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1. Hunter Gatherers

• Social Lived in small bands very few social
  distinctions during this period.
• Political In permanent dwellings, in many cases
  there were rulers and craftsmen who organized the
  dwellings.
• Religious Ritual observances buried the dead
  with ceremony. cave art showed ritual
  observances and Venus figurines represented
  fertility. This showed the ritual observances of
  Cro-magnon man.
• Intellectual Systematic in their migrations,
  i.e. wore disguises (animal skins)
• Economic Because of the life of the hunter
  gatherer, there was no private property and no
  economic system.

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Venus Figurine
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1. Transition to Agriculture

• The neolithic era and the transition to
  agriculture
• The origins of agriculture
• Neolithic era new stone age refined tools and
  agriculture
• From about twelve thousand to six thousand years
  ago
• Neolithic women began systematic cultivation of
  plants
• Neolithic men began to domesticate animals
• Early agriculture around 9000 B.C.E.
• Agriculture emerged independently in several
  parts of the world
• Merchants, migrants, and travelers spread food
  knowledge
• Slash-and-burn cultivation involved frequent
  movement of farmers

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2. What role did the environment play in the
development of human society? How did the
development of human society affect the
environment and technological change?

• Early societies built around major river systems.
• Early cultivators built reservoirs, dug canals
  and established irrigation systems
• Establishment of agricultural societies with
  surplus.
• Surplus allowed for specialization of labor
• The acquisition of private property brought about
  distinctions in class and patriarchal society.

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1. Civilization (3200 to 2350 B.C.E.)

• Social Agriculture allowed for the
  specialization of labor, increased population and
  the establishment of villages and ultimately
  cities. Class system emerged, including slaves
  establishment of a patriarchal society
• Political Establishment of city-states that
  directed not just cities but outlying areas.
  Kings and nobles ruled
• Religious temples were built priests, public
  rituals
• Intellectual professional craftsmen, writing
  systems were developed.
• Technology iron metallurgy, bronze metallurgy,
  the wheel, shipbuilding
• Economic Based on agriculture Market places
  provided a center for long distance trade.

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3. Basic Features of Early Complex Societies
Mesopotamia (3200-586 B.C.E.)
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Mesopotamian Civilization

• 3000 BCE
• Settlement within the fertile crescent increases
• Contact with other cultures in the area
• Sumerian cities develop
• Concentrating in the southern regions of the
  alluvial plains of the Tigris and Euphrates
  Rivers
• Why?
• Most fertile soil

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Mesopotamian Civilization

• 2800 2370 BCE Sumerian kingdom building
• Dominant force in Mesopotamia
• Created cuneiform

• Started as pictograms
• Used to record daily life
• Creation of City-states
• Establishment of set codes of laws

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Mesopotamian Civilization

• Religion takes important role in life
• Deities are in human forms and represent some
  natural phenomenon
• No separation of Church and state
• Ziggurats religious centers

• Humans were subservient to the Gods
• Gods are hard to predict
• Art of Divination

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Epic of Gilgamesh

• The Epic of Gilgamesh recounts the adventures of
  Gilgamesh, king of the ancient Mesopotamian city
  of Uruk, in his quest for immortality.
• Composed about 2000 bce on clay tablets. One of
  the oldest literary works.
• The poem is probably Sumerian in origin but was
  absorbed and adapted by succeeding eastern
  Mediterranean civilizations.
• In the first prose passage, the goddess Ishtar
  tries to entice Gilgamesh to marry her
  Gilgameshs rejection enrages Ishtar and she
  seeks revenge.
• In the second passage, the sage Utnapishtim
  reveals that the gods once attempted to
  exterminate humankind with a great flood.

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Gilgamesh
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Mesopotamian Civilization

• Akkadians rise to dominance
• Semitic speaking people from upstream
• Kingdom centered at Akkad
• Near the site of the later city of Babylon
• 2,300 BCE Sargon conquers the Sumerians
• Establishes a 200 year empire
• External attack and internal weakness end the
  dynasty

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Mesopotamian Civilization

• Hammurabi (1792-1750 BCE)
• Created most comprehensive and best preserved
  code of laws
• Possibly the first written fully codified laws

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Ancient Egypt

• Centered along the Nile River and its tributaries
• Nile River is 4,000 miles long flowing from
  Khartoum to the Mediterranean
• Flood cycle of the Nile helped shape ancient
  Egyptian life
• Protected by location
• Originally divided into two kingdoms
• Upper Egypt river valley
• Lower Egypt river delta

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Ancient Egypt

• Menes unified Upper and Lower Egypt in approx.
  3000 BCE, establishing the first Egyptian Dynasty
• Capital located at Memphis
• King or Pharaoh was considered divine
• Entire society was organized under the Pharaoh
  trade, labor, religion

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Ancient Egypt

• Old Kingdom (2700-2200 BCE)
• Adopted the pictograph from from the
  Mesopotamians
• Hieroglyphics
• Had intricate religious and afterlife detail
• Instituted magnificent burial practices to
  evidence the power of the Pharaoh

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Indus Valley civilization
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3. Basic Features of Early Complex Societies
Indus Valley Harappan Society (2500 B.C.E. to
500 B.C.E.)

• Geographical Like the Nile, the Indus draws its
  waters from rain and melting snow in the Hindu
  Kush and Himalayan Mountains.
• Social Like in Mesopotamia and Egypt,
  agricultural surplus in India increased food
  supply, stimulated population, encouraged
  specialized labor, and established cities.
• Social - The Aryans brought the caste system to
  Harappan society patriarchal (Lawbook of Manu
  encouraged men to treat women with respect and
  women to know their place) By end of the Vedic
  age, the merging of Aryan and Dravidian
  traditions generated a distinctive Indian
  society.
• Political No evidence is available concerning
  the Harappan political system although ruins of
  structures indicate governmental centers.
• Religious The Aryans (Indo European nomads)
  brought the Rig Veda (polytheistic hymns) to
  India. As centuries passed Dravidian ideas were
  introduced through the Upanishads which
  introduced the idea of reincarnation.
• Economic - traded wheat, barley, and cotton with
  Mesopotamia

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Indus Valley River Society
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3. Basic Features of Early Complex Societies
Shang China (1766 to 1122 B.C.E.)

• Geographical_ The Yellow River provided the
  water source at the high plateau of the Tibet.
  Loess soil carried by the rivers water produced
  the yellow color. Extensive flooding. Loess
  provided rich soil, soft and easy to work.
• Social a privileged class of hereditary
  aristocrats, small class of free artisans and
  craftsmen, merchants and traders, peasant class.
  Women worked mostly in indoor activities, i.e.
  wine making, silkworms, etc. Society was
  patriarchal.
• Political Ruled by kings who used the
  agricultural surplus to build the military into
  thousands. Also, used surplus to support
  military allies who could help them. Shang China
  included advisors, ministers, craftsmen, and
  metal smiths who helped Shang rulers spread their
  influence.
• Religious No official state religion but there
  was Veneration of ancestors worship of those
  who had passed on
• Intellectual Oracle Bones were used to tell the
  future. Earliest form of Chinese writing was the
  pictograph.
• Technological Bronze metallurgy transformed
  China during this period. Horses, horse-drawn
  chariots they used the vehicles to conquer the
  Xia and other adversaries.
• Economic Wheat cultivation, bronze and iron
  metallurgy, horse-drawn chariots and wheeled
  vehicles made their way from SW Asia to China.-

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Shang Dynasty
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3. Basic Features of Early Complex Societies
MesoAmerica (1200 B.C.E. to 700 C.E.)

• Geographical By 9500 B.C.E. Migrants from
  Siberia had reached the southernmost part of
  South Americamore than 10, 566 miles from the
  Bering land bridge.
• Social Large class of priests and kings,
  merchants from the ruling and noble classes,
  peasants and slaves provided agricultural and
  physical labor for the construction of cities and
  monuments.
• Political The Maya organized themselves
  politically into small city-kingdoms. Mayan
  kings and their families ruled. There were many
  conflicts between the kingdoms.
• Religious Mayan religion was tied to
  agriculture. The Mayan people thought that the
  gods maintained agricultural cycle. Human
  sacrifice involved bloodletting.
• Intellectual Mayan priests studied astronomy
  and mathematics and developed a calendar and
  writing system. Mayan script included ideological
  elements and symbols for syllables creation of
  huge human heads (Olmecs)
• Technological They built temples, palaces,
  pyramids, and monuments.
• Economic produce maize, cotton, cacao beans

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Olmecs and Mayans
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4. Basic Features of Classical Empires China
(500 B.C.E. to 220 C.E.) Shang, Qin, Han

• Social Distinctions between the rich and poor
  increased during Han dynasty. Wealthy
  individuals wore silk, leather shoes, and gold
  while dining on pork, fish, and wine. The poor
  lived on rice.
• Political Centralized imperial bureaucracy .
  China was divided into administrative provinces
  and districts and was governed by officers of the
  central government.
• Religious Mandate of Heaven
• Intellectual Confucianism advocated moral,
  ethical, and political character and
  practicality he established cultivation of high
  moral standards. He emphasized filial piety or
  childrens respect for parents and family elders.
  Daoism retreat from engagement in the world of
  politics and administration. This was in
  contradiction to Confucianism. Legalists didnt
  care about morality or ethics. They argued that
  the state should be strengthened at all costs.
  Ban Zhao Admonitions for Women
• Technological Roads, defensive walls, common
  script was established during this time
• Economic Iron industry moved beyond agriculture
  to include pots, stoves, armor Han invented
  paper Manufacture of silk high taxes forced
  many small landowners to sell their property or
  sell themselves into slavery. Land ended up in
  the hands of the rich.

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Great Wall of China
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4. Basic Features of Classical Empires India
(563 B.C.E. to 550 C.E.) Mauryan Dynasty Gupta
Dynasty

• Social Caste System brahmins (priests),
  kshatriyas (warriors and aristocrats), vaishyas
  (peasants and merchants), and shudras (serfs)
  Patriarchal dominance child marriage was common
• Political Chandragupta Maurya brought
  centralized, unified government to the
  subcontinent of India for a short period, but
  after the fall of Mauryas empire, local rulers
  formed a series of kingdoms that brought order to
  large regions.
• Religious Jainism (inspired by Upanishads)
  Everything in the universe possesses a soul, no
  recognition of social heirarchies Buddhism,
  Hinduism
• Intellectual
• Technological roads between Persia and India,
  cotton, aromatics, black pepper, pearls, and gems
  were principal exports. Horses came from western
  lands, silk from China

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4. Basic Features of Classical Empires
Classical Greek Society (220 B.C.E. to 323 B.C.E.)

• Social Patriarchal society. Greek women were
  under the authority of their fathers, husbands,
  or sons. Women could not own land but they did
  operate small businesses. Sparta was an
  exception. Women were active participants in
  festivals and contest. Literacy was common
  among upper class Greek women. There were
  aristocratic families, slaves made up of free
  Greeks who could not pay their debts.
• Political city-state or polis There was no
  centralized, imperial state even though there
  were many colonies throughout the Mediterranean.
  Colonies relied on their own resources.
• Religious polytheistic (Greek deities)
• Intellectual Olympic games They learned
  astronomy, science, math, medicine, and magic
  from the Babylonians and geometry and medicine
  from the Egyptians. They adapted Phoenician
  alphabet. Socrates and Plato see video.
  Christian and Islamic theologians tried to
  harmonize their religious beliefs with
  philosophical views of Plato and Aristotle. Greek
  drama
• See video on Plato.
• Economic Colonies encouraged trade. The
  cultivation of olives and grapes for wine

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4. Basic Features of Classical Empires
Classical Roman Society (753 B.C.E. to 70 C.E.)

• Social Patriarchal society. Greek women were
  under the authority of their fathers, husbands,
  or sons. Women could not own land but they did
  operate small businesses. Sparta was an
  exception. Women were active participants in
  festivals and contest. Literacy was common
  among upper class Greek women. There were
  aristocratic families, slaves who were originally
  made up of free Greeks who could not pay their
  debts. See video on Venice.
• Political republic made up of consuls and a
  Senate consuls were elected by wealthy
  aristocrats
• Religious polytheistic (Greek deities)
• Intellectual Olympic games They learned
  astronomy, science, math, medicine, and magic
  from the Babylonians and geometry and medicine
  from the Egyptians. They adapted Phoenician
  alphabet. Socrates and Plato see video.
  Christian and Islamic theologians tried to
  harmonize their religious beliefs with
  philosophical views of Plato and Aristotle. Greek
  drama (see class video)
• Technological road, aqueducts, public works
  projects
• Economic Colonies encouraged trade. Rome
  relied on the agriculture of other places, i.e.
  olives and Grapes from Greece, wine and horses
  from Spain. The Roman military and naval power
  kept the seas safe.

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5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Hinduism, the Worlds Oldest
Religion

• The classical theory of the origins of Hinduism
  traces the religion's roots to the Indus valley
  civilization 4000 to 2200 B. C. E.
• The development of Hinduism was influenced by
  many invasions over thousands of years. The major
  influences occurred when light-skinned, nomadic
  "Aryan" Indo-European tribes invaded Northern
  India from the steppes of Russia and Central
  Asia.
• The Aryans brought with them their religion of
  Vedism. These beliefs mingled with the more
  advanced, indigenous Indian native beliefs.

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5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Hinduism

• The primary sacred texts of Hinduism are the
  Vedas, a series of hymns, incantations, and
  rituals from ancient India.The Rig Veda (a.k.a.
  Rigveda) may be the oldest of the four.
• A short poetic work called the Bhagavad Gita
  introduced the concept of the caste system and
  salvation.
• The Upanishads deal with Vedic philosophy and
  form the conclusions of each of the Vedas. "They
  elaborate on how the soul (Atman) can be united
  with the ultimate truth (Brahman) through
  contemplation and mediation, as well as the
  doctrine of Karma-- the cumulative effects of a
  persons' actions."

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5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Hinduism

• Hinduism has commonly been viewed in the west as
  a polytheistic religion - one which worships
  multiple deities gods and goddesses. 
• Although a widespread belief, this is not
  particularly accurate. Some have viewed it as a
  monotheistic religion, because it recognizes only
  one supreme God the principle of Brahman. The
  entire universe is seen as one divine entity who
  is simultaneously at one with the universe and
  who transcends it as well. 
• Strictly speaking, most forms of Hinduism
  recognize a single deity, and other gods and
  goddesses as facets, forms, manifestations, or
  aspects of that supreme God.
• Hinduism spread to Asia via the Silk Road.

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5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Buddhism

• Originated in India
• Siddhartha Gautama (born 563 B.C.E.) left his
  comfortable and elaborate life in the foothills
  of the Himalayas for an ascetic, wandering life.
  He wanted to understand the phenomenon of
  suffering.
• According to legend, after 49 days of meditation,
  he received enlightenment.
• He understood the problem of suffering and how
  humans could escape it. At that point, he became
  Buddha, or the enlightened one.
• He attracted disciples who became known as monks.
  
• They traveled on foot, preaching Buddhas
  doctrine.

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Siddhartha Gautama
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5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Buddhism

• The Four Noble Truths
• All life involves suffering.
• Desire is the cause of suffering.
• Elimination of desire means the elimination of
  suffering.
• A disciplined life brings the elimination of
  desire.

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5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Buddhism

• A reduction in the desire for material goods and
  other world attractions result in a detachment
  from the world itself.
• This would lead to personal salvation and an
  escape from the cycle of incarnation and
  attainment of nirvana, a state of perfect
  spiritual independence.

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5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Buddhism

• Early preachers and monks avoided the use of
  Sanskrit, the literary language of the Veda that
  brahmins used in favor of the vernacular.
• This reached a larger audience.
• Ashoka Maurya embraced Buddhism and helped
  spread the faith throughout India.
• Buddhism attracted merchants, artisans, and
  others of low rank. It appealed to many because
  of its disregard for social classes.
• Buddhism spread to China via merchants on the
  Silk Road.

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5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Judaism (Origins)

• Monotheism, or the worship of one god is
  attributed to the Hebrews, or Jews.
• The Hebrews trace their origins back to Abraham
  who migrated from Mesopotamia to the land of
  Canaan on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean
  about 2000 B.C.E
• Because of famine in Canaan, the descendants of
  Abraham migrated to Egypt, which had escaped
  famine.
• The Hebrews remained there about 430 years, part
  of this time serving as slaves under the pharaoh.
• The Exodus from Egypt under the leadership of
  Moses was marked by the giving of the Ten
  Commandments .
• Returning to the land of Canaan, or Palestine,
  they established a theocracy, or a government
  ruled by religious leaders.

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Abrahams Journey
Moses and the Exodus from Egypt to Canaan
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5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Judaism (Basic Beliefs)

• The heart of Judaism was a covenant, or
  agreement, between God and Abraham in which
  Yahweh would be their god and the Jews would be
  his people.
• The history of this covenant relationship became
  the basis of the Torah, or the Hebrew scriptures.

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5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Judaism (A Brief History)

• The Hebrews established the kingdom of Israel
  about 1000 B.C.E. under Saul.
• During the rule of Sauls successor, David,
  Jerusalem became the capital is Israel.
• The kingdom weakened under Davids successor,
  Solomon, because of the heavy taxes he imposed.
• Eventually dividing into two kingdoms, the
  Northern kingdom of Israel fell to the Assyrians
  in 722 B.C.E.
• Its inhabitants scattered throughout the far
  reaches of the Assyrian empire, constituting the
  first Jewish diaspora or exile.
• The southern kingdom, called Judah, endured until
  586 B.C.E.
• Conquered by the Chaldeans (from the same
  territory as the Babylonian empire, the people of
  Judah were carried off into captivity into
  Babylon.
• When Cyrus conquered the Chaldeans and allowed
  the Jews to return to Palestine 70 years later,
  Palestine remained under Persian rule until it
  became into the Roman empire in 63 C.E.
• In 132 C.E. after they rebelled against Roman
  rule, the Jews were spread throughout the Roman
  Empire in a second diaspora.

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Division of Israel into northern and southern
kingdoms
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5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Judaism

• Unlike other religions of the period, notably
  Buddhism and Christianity, Judaism was not a
  missionary religion.

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5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Christianity (Origins)

• A key element of early Judaism was the belief
  that God had promised to send the Jews a Messiah
  or a savior form their sins.
• Some of the early Jews felt that promise was
  fulfilled when Jesus was born in the Roman
  province of Judea about 4 to 6 B.C.E.
• As an adult, Jesus and his 12 disciplines went
  throughout the land of Judea, preaching the
  forgiveness of sins.
• Jesus was also called Christ meaning,
  annointed.
• When Jesus teachings were feared as a threat to
  Roan and Jewish authority, cooperation between
  both Jewish and Roman leaders led to his trial
  and death by crucifixion.
• After Jesus execution, his followers strongly
  felt his presence and proclaimed that he had
  triumphed over death by rising from the grave.

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5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Christianity (Origins)

• Following Jesus teachings, Christians compiled a
  body of writing about Jesus life, reports of his
  followers works, and letters outlining Christian
  beliefs.
• Christians referred to this body of writing as
  the New Testament. It became the holy book of
  Christianity.
• The principal figure in the expansion of
  Christianity was Paul of Tarsus, a Jew from
  Anatolia who preached his faith throughout the
  Roman empire.
• Pauls doctrine promised a glorious future for
  those who conscientiously observed the faith.
• Paul traveled widely throughout Greece, Anatolia,
  Syria and Palestine

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5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Christianity

• Several Roman emperors considered Christianity a
  threat to their rule.
• Emperor Diocletian persecuted the Christian
  church, but it continued to grow in spite of
  this.
• In 313, the Roman Emperor Constantine change the
  position of earlier Roman emperors.
• In the Edict of Milan, Constantine permitted the
  practice of Christianity in the Roman empire.
• Christianity became the official religion of the
  Roman empire in 381 under the Emperor Theodosius.
• After its adoption as the state church of Rome,
  Christianity began developing an organization
  under the leadership of the bishop of Rome or
  pope.
• Christianity gained popularity because of its
  appeal to all social classes, especially the
  poor.
• Women received new status as Christianity taught
  that men and women were equal in matters of
  faith.
• After the fall of the Roman Empire, Christianity
  spread to northern Europe, the Balkans, and
  Russia.

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5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Confucianism

• Confucius (551-479 B.C.E.) and his school
• Confucius
• Educator and political advisor
• Sayings were compiled in the Analects by his
  disciples
• Confucian ideas
• Fundamentally moral and ethical in character
• Thoroughly practical how to restore political
  and social order
• Concentrated on formation of junzi--"superior
  individuals"
• Edited and compiled the Zhou classics for his
  disciples to study
• Key Confucian values
• Ren--a sense of humanity, kindness, benevolence
• Li--a sense of propriety, courtesy, respect,
  deference to elders
• Xiao--filial piety, familial obligation
• Cultivate personal morality and junzi for
  bringing order to China
• Mencius (372-289 B.C.E.), spokesman for the
  Confucian school
• Believed in the goodness of human nature (ren)
• Advocated government by benevolence and humanity
• Xunzi (298-238 B.C.E.) had a less positive view
  of human nature
• Believed that humans selfishly pursue own
  interests

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5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Daoism (see Taylor and Katies
video)

• Daoism featured prominent critics of Confucian
  activism
• Preferred philosophical reflection and
  introspection, a life in harmony with nature
• Laozi, founder of Daoism, allegedly wrote the
  Daodejing (Classic of the Way and of Virtue)
• Zhuangzi (compendium of Daoist philosophy)
• The Dao--the way of nature, the way of the cosmos
  
• Elusive concept an eternal principle governing
  all the workings of the world
• Dao is passive and yielding, does nothing yet
  accomplishes everything
• Humans should tailor their behavior to the
  passive and yielding nature of the Dao
• Ambition and activism had only brought the world
  to chaos
• Doctrine of wuwei disengagement from worldly
  affairs, simple life
• Advocated small, self-sufficient communities
• Political implications served as counterbalance
  to Confucian activism

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6. Causes for the Decline of Empire Han China

• Heavy taxes levied on peasants
• The decline in the interest in Confucian
  intellectual goals.
• Poor harvests.
• Population declines from epidemic disease
• Social unrest, i.e. Yellow Turban Uprising
• Weak emperors and the increased influence of army
  generals
• Unequal land distribution
• A decline in trade
• Invasions from nomadic tribes

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6. Causes for the Decline of Empire Western
Roman Empire

• Ineffective later emperors
• The influence of army generals
• The decline of trade
• Increasingly high taxes
• Decreased money flow into empire as conquests of
  new territory ceased.
• Population declines as a result of epidemic
  disease
• Poor harvests
• Unequal land distribution
• Social and moral decay and disinterest of the
  elite classes
• Recruitment of non-Romans in the Roman army
• Vastness of the empire, making it difficult to
  rule
• Outside invasions

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7. What was the impact of the Huns in India?

• The White Huns, a nomadic people from central
  Asia, crossed the Hindu Kush mountains into
  India.
• For the first half of the 5th century, the
  Guptas were able to fight off the Huns.
• By the end of the fifth century, the Huns had
  established several kingdoms in northern and
  western India.
• This helped aid the decentralization and
  establishment of regional kingdoms in India.

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Germanic and Hun Invasions
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7. What was the impact of the Germanic invasions
and the Huns in Western Europe during the late
classical period?

• In the 5th century, nomadic Huns began migrating
  south and west in search of better pasturelands.
• The movement of the Huns exerted pressure on
  Germanic tribes who already lived around the
  border of the Roman Empire.
• These tribes, in turn, overran the Roman borders.
• By 425, several Germanic kingdoms were set up
  within the empire.
• By 476, the last western Roman emperor was
  replaced by a Germanic ruler from the tribe of
  the Visigoths, settled agriculturalists.

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7. What was the impact of the Germanic invasions
and the Huns in Western Europe during the late
classical period?

• Under the leadership of Attila the Hun, the Huns
  achieved hegemony over several well-organized
  rivals by using superior weaponry such as the
  composite bow and a well-organized system of
  taxation.
• Supplementing their wealth by plundering wealthy
  Roman cities to the south, the Huns maintained
  the loyalties of a diverse number of tributary
  tribes.
• Both the Germanic and Hun invasions were
  instrumental forces in the dissolution of the
  Roman empire.

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8. Explain the exchange of goods and ideas on
the Silk Roads.

• Trade routes
• Overland trade routes linked China to Roman
  empire
• Sea lanes joined Asia, Africa, and Mediterranean
  basin into one network
• Trade goods
• Silk and spices traveled west
• Central Asia produced large horses and jade, sold
  in China
• Roman empire provided glassware, jewelry,
  artworks, perfumes, textiles
• The organization of long-distance trade
• Merchants of different regions handled
  long-distance trade in stages
• On the seas, long-distance trade was dominated by
  different empires

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Silk Road
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8. Religion on the Silk Road

• Buddhism in central Asia and China
• First present in oasis towns of central Asia
  along silk roads
• Further spread to steppe lands
• Foreign merchants as Buddhists in China, first
  century B.C.E.
• Popularity of monasteries and missionaries,
  fifth century C.E.
• Buddhism and Hinduism spread to Southeast Asia

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8. Religion on the Silk Road

• Christianity in Southwest Asia follows the trade
  routes
• Sizable communities in Mesopotamia and Iran,
  second century C.E.
• Sizable number of converts in southwest Asia
  until the seventh century C.E.
• Their ascetic practices influenced Christian
  practices in the Roman empire
• Nestorians emphasized human nature of Jesus,
  fifth century C.E.
• Nestorian communities in central Asia, India, and
  China by seventh century C.E.

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8. Religion on the Silk Road

• The spread of Manichaeism best example of
  religion spread on silk roads
• Mani and Manichaeism
• Prophet Mani, a Zoroastrian, drew influence from
  Christianity and Buddhism
• Dualism perceived a cosmic struggle between
  light and darkness, good and evil
• Offered means to achieve personal salvation
• Ascetic lifestyle and high ethical standards
• Differentiation between the "elect" and the
  "hearers"
• Spread of Manichaeism appealed to merchants
• Attracted converts first in Mesopotamia and east
  Mediterranean region
• Appeared in all large cities of Roman empire,
  third century C.E.