Industrial Revolution

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The Industrial Revolution
By Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS
Chappaqua, NY Edited by Cheryl Rhodes
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Three Things Necessary for Industrialization

• LandResources
• Capitalcash, buildings, machines
• Laborgrowing population, ready workforce

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Why Did Industrialization Begin in England First?
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Industrial England "Workshop of the World"
That Nation of Shopkeepers!
-- Napoleon Bonaparte
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The Enclosure Movement
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Enclosed Lands Today
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Metals, Wool, Canals
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Early Canals
Britains Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
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Mine Forge 1840-1880

• More powerful than water is coal.
• More powerful than wood is iron.
• Innovations make steel feasible.
• Puddling 1820 pig iron.
• Hot blast 1829 cheaper, purer steel.
• Bessemer process 1856 strong, flexible steel.

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Coalfields Industrial Areas
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Coal Mining in Britain1800-1914
1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners
1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners
1880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners
1914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners
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Young Coal Miners
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Child Labor in the Mines
Child hurriers
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British Pig Iron Production
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Richard ArkwrightPioneer of the Factory System
The Water Frame
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Factory Production

• Concentrates production in oneplace materials,
  labor.
• Located near sources of power rather than labor
  or markets.
• Requires a lot of capital investmentfactory,
  machines, etc. morethan skilled labor.
• Only 10 of English industry in 1850.

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Textile FactoryWorkers in England
1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
1850 224, 000 looms gt1 million workers
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The Factory System

• Rigid schedule.
• 12-14 hour day.
• Dangerous conditions.
• Mind-numbing monotony.

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Textile FactoryWorkers in England
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Young Bobbin-Doffers
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Jacquards Loom
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New Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
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John Kays Flying Shuttle
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The Power Loom
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James Watts Steam Engine
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Steam Tractor
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Steam Ship
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An Early Steam Locomotive
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Later Locomotives
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The Impact of the Railroad
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The Great Land Serpent
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Crystal Palace Exhibition 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.
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Crystal Palace Interior Exhibits
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Crystal PalaceBritish Ingenuity on Display
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Crystal PalaceAmerican Pavilion
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The "Haves" Bourgeois Life Thrived on the
Luxuries of the Industrial Revolution
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19c Bourgeoisie The Industrial Nouveau Riche
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Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
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Stereotype of the Factory Owner
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Upstairs/Downstairs Life
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The "Have-Nots" The Poor, The Over-Worked, the
Destitute
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Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages
under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d.
11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.
17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.
22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.
27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.
32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.
37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.
42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.
47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.
52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.
57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.
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Industrial Staffordshire
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Problems of Polution
The Silent Highwayman - 1858
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The New Industrial City
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Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
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Worker Housing in Manchester
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Factory Workers at Home
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Workers Housing in Newcastle Today
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The Life of the New Urban Poor A Dickensian
Nightmare!
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Private Charities Soup Kitchens
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Private Charities The Lady Bountifuls
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Protests / Reformers
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The Luddites 1811-1816
Attacks on the frames power looms.
Ned Ludd a mythical figure supposed to live in
Sherwood Forest
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The Luddite Triangle
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The Luddites
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The Neo-Luddites Today
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Peterloo Massacre, 1819
BritishSoldiers Fire on BritishWorkersLet
us die like men, and not be sold like slaves!
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The Chartists
Key
        Chartistsettlements
         Centres of Chartism
      Area of plug riots, 1842
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The Peoples Charter

• Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.
• Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the
  inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.

• Votes for all men.
• Equal electoral districts.
• Abolition of the requirement that Members of
  Parliament MPs be property owners.
• Payment for Members of Parliament.
• Annual general elections.
• The secret ballot.

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The Chartists
A female Chartist
A physical forceChartists arming for the fight.
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Anti-Corn Law League, 1845

• Give manufactures more outlets for their
  products.
• Expand employment.
• Lower the price of bread.
• Make British agriculture more efficient and
  productive.
• Expose trade and agriculture to foreign
  competition.
• Promote international peace through trade
  contact.

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New Ways of Thinking
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Thomas Malthus

• Population growth willoutpace the food supply.
• War, disease, or faminecould control
  population.
• The poor should have less children.
• Food supply will then keep up with population.

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David Ricardo

• Iron Law of Wages.
• When wages are high,workers have morechildren.
• More children create alarge labor surplus
  thatdepresses wages.

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The UtilitariansJeremy Bentham John Stuart
Mill

• The goal of society is the greatest good for the
  greatest number.
• There is a role to play for government
  intervention to provide some social safetynet.

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Jeremy Bentham
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The Socialists Utopians Marxists

• People as a society would operate and own
  themeans of production, not individuals.
• Their goal was a society that benefited
  everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
• Tried to build perfect communities utopias.

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Br. Govt. Response to the Dislocation Created
by Industrialization
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Government Response

• Abolition of slavery in the coloniesin 1832 to
  raise wages in Britain.
• Sadler Commission to look intoworking conditions
• Factory Act 1833 child labor.
• New Poor Law 1834 indoor relief.
• Poor houses.
• Reform Bill 1832 broadens thevote for the
  cities.

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British Reform Bill of 1832
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British Reform Bills
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The Results of Industrialization at the end of
the 19c
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By 1850 Zones of Industrializationon the
European Continent

• Northeast France.
• Belgium.
• The Netherlands.
• Western German states.
• Northern Italy
• East Germany ? Saxony

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Industrialization By 1850
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Railroads on the Continent
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Share in World Manufacturing Output 1750-1900
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The Politics of Industrialization

• State ownership of some industries.
• RRs ? Belgium most of Germany.
• Tariffs ? British Corn Laws.
• National Banks granted a monopoly on issuing
  bank notes.
• Bank of England.
• Bank of France.
• Companies required to register with the
  government publish annual budgets.
• New legislation to
• Establish limited liability.
• Create rules for the formation of corporations.
• Postal system.
• Free trade zones ? Ger. Zollverein

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Bibliographic Sources

• Images of the Industrial Revolution.Mt.
  Holyoke College. http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/
  rschwart/ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.html
• The Peel Web A Web of English
  History.http//dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c-eig
  ht/primary.htm