HUMAN SYSTEMS

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HUMAN SYSTEMS

• CHAPTERS 35-40

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SKELETAL SYSTEM

• Includes bones and their associated tissues --
  cartilage, tendons and ligaments make up the
  skeletal system
• Bones are a solid network of living cells and
  fibers supported by deposits of calcium salts
• See picture of the skeleton pg. 922 of your
  Biology book

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FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

• 1. Support and shape the body -- without it the
  body would collapse
• 2. Protect delicate organs ex. Cranium forms
  shell around the brain
• 3. Bones are site of blood-cell formation and
  they store minerals
• 4. Anchors muscles and helps in movement

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SKELETAL SYSTEM

• Many bones are formed from connective tissue
  called cartilage cartilage can support some
  weight, but it is extremely flexible
• Ex. Bones of a newborn baby
• Ossification - process of replacing cartilage
  with bone
• In adults, cartilage is found in ears, tip of
  nose, etc.

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SKELETAL SYSTEM

• Joints - where two bones meet to allow the body
  to move
• TYPES OF JOINTS
• 1. Immovable fixed (cannot move)
• Ex. Skull
• 2. Slightly movable small amount of restricted
  
• movement
• Ex. 2 bones of the lower leg, vertebrae
• 3. Freely movable permits movement in one
• or more directions

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Types of Freely Movable Joints

• 1. Ball-and-Socket widest range of movement
• Ex. Shoulder, hip
• 2. Hinge back and forth movement
• Ex. Elbow, knee, fingers
• 3. Pivot one bone rotates around another
• Ex. Lower arm (ulna and radius)
• 4. Saddle one bone slides in 2 directions
• Ex. thumb

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SKELETAL SYSTEM

• ASSOCIATED TISSUES
• 1. Cartilage - serves as a cushion between
  bones supports weight
• 2. Ligament - connects bone to bone
• 3. Tendon - connects muscle to bone

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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

• Includes skin and all accessory organs - hair,
  nails and a variety of glands (sweat and oil)
  single largest organ in the body
• FUNCTIONS
• 1. Protection - most important function
  especially from ultraviolet radiation
• 2. Regulate body temperature
• 3. Remove wastes from the body
• 4. Barrier against infection and injury

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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

• Skin is composed of two MAIN layers
• 1. Epidermis - outermost cells of skin undergo
  rapid cell division (mitosis)
• 2. Dermis - inner layer of skin contains blood
  vessels, nerve endings, glands, sense organs,
  smooth muscle and hair follicles
• 3. Hypodermis - below the dermis (layer of fat
  and connective tissue) not a main layer

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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

• ACCESSORY ORGANS
• 1. Hair - produced by cells at base of hair
  follicle used for protection and warmth
• 2. Nails - grow from nail root located near tip
  of fingers and toes for protection
• 3. Sweat/Oil Glands - sweat glands - regulate
  body temperature and remove wastes oil glands
  - keeps skin flexible and waterproof

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MUSCULAR SYSTEM

• The job of the muscular system is to move the
  skeletal system. It is composed of muscle tissue
  that is highly specialized and able to contract
  (shorten) when stimulated.

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MUSCULAR SYSTEM

• THREE TYPES OF MUSCLES
• 1. Skeletal attached to bone at work every
  time we lift a finger, wink, chew and run
• appear STRIATED (striped) Voluntary
• 2. Smooth Involuntary not striated contract
  without us thinking about it found in Internal
  organs (stomach, blood vessels,
• intestines)
• 3. Cardiac only found in the heart striated
  Involuntary (dont think about it)

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• Made up of blood, the heart, blood vessels
• The heart is a hollow, muscular organ that
  contracts at regular intervals it can be thought
  of as two pumps sitting side by side
• The two pumps are separated by a SEPTUM
• Each pump is divided into two chambers
• The upper chambers are called ATRIA (receive
  blood)
• The lower chambers are VENTRICLES (pump blood out)

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• The right side of the heart pumps blood from the
  body into the lungs where oxygen-poor
  (deoxygenated) blood gives up carbon dioxide and
  picks up oxygen
• The left side of the heart pumps oxygen-rich
  (oxygenated) blood from the lungs to the rest of
  the body

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• BLOOD VESSELS
• 1. Arteries - carry blood away from the heart
  to all tissues of the body the largest artery
  is the AORTA
• 2. Capillaries - only one cell thick making
  diffusion of oxygen and nutrients easy
• 3. Veins - collect blood and return it back to
  the heart

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
• 1. Transports nutrients, dissolved gases,
  enzymes, hormones and waste products
• 2. Regulates body temperature, pH and
  electrolytes
• 3. Protects body from invaders
• 4. Restricts loss of fluid

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
• 1. Plasma liquid portion of blood that
  contains water, dissolved fats, salts, sugars and
  proteins
• 2. Red blood cells (erythrocytes) transport
  oxygen
• 3. White blood cells (leukocytes) protect body
  against invasion by foreign cells or substances
• 4. Platelets responsible for the clotting of
  blood

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Lymphatic System

• Network of vessels, nodes and organs
• Collects the fluid that is lost by the blood and
  returns it back to the circulatory system
• The fluid is known as lymph

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• Consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
  bronchi and lungs
• Function is to bring about the exchange of oxygen
  and carbon dioxide between the blood, the air and
  the tissues
• FLOW OF AIR Air enters NOSE --gt pharynx OR
  enters MOUTH --gt pharynx after pharynx ---gt
  larynx (top of trachea) --gt trachea (windpipe)
  --gt to left or right bronchi ---gt bronchioles --gt
  alveoli

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• BREATHING
• Inhalation pulling of air into lungs
• Exhalation pushing of air out of lungs
• Diaphragm Located along the bottom of the rib
  cage it is the large flat muscle responsible for
  inhalation and exhalation

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• The alveoli is where gas exchange occurs
• When blood enters the lung it has a lot of carbon
  dioxide and a low oxygen content, but the alveoli
  are filled with fresh oxygen-rich inhaled air
• Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the
  alveoli and oxygen diffuses into the blood from
  the alveoli

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• Includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
  small intestine and large intestine several
  major glands add their secretions, including the
  salivary glands, the pancreas and the liver
• Digestion is the breakdown of food into simpler
  molecules that can be absorbed and used by the
  cells of the body

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• THE PROCESS OF DIGESTION
• 1. Mouth - teeth break up food in a process
  called mechanical digestion also salivary glands
  secrete the first digestive enzymes (amylase and
  mucous)
• 2. Pharynx - the top part of the throat no
  digestion takes place here
• 3. Esophagus - the muscles of the esophagus
  begin to contract in waves, pushing food toward
  the stomach this is called peristalsis

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• 4. Stomach - three secretions combine to form
  the gastric fluid
• Mucous - keeps food lubricated and protects
  walls of the stomach
• Hydrochloric acid - helps break down food
• Pepsin - mixes with hydrochloric acid to begin
  digesting proteins
• The food is churned for several hours becoming a
  pasty mixture known as chyme

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• 5. Small Intestine - the chyme is flooded with
  enzymes from three sources
• Duodenum (1st part of small intestine) - releases
  enzymes that continue digesting
• Pancreas - releases pancreatic fluid that digests
  carbohydrates, proteins and fats
• Liver - secretes bile, which is stored in the
  gallbladder, which breaks down fats further

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• 5. Small Intestine - the now mostly digested
  food passes through the rest of the small
  intestine where nutrients are absorbed into the
  bloodstream when it leaves the s.i., the food is
  nutrient free
• 6. Large Intestine (Colon) - main job is to
  remove water from undigested materials passing
  through it

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Excretory System

• Consists of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder,
  urethra
• Eliminates waste products from the body in ways
  that maintain homeostasis
• Kidneys remove waste products from the blood,
  maintain blood pH and regulate the water content
  of the blood

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Endocrine System

• Consists of the glands that release their
  products (hormones) into the bloodstream
• These products deliver messages throughout the
  body
• Hormones chemicals released in one part of the
  body that affect the activities of cells in other
  parts of the body

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Endocrine System

• Types of Glands
• 1. Pituitary secretes 9 hormones that regulate
  many body functions
• 2. Hypothalamus controls secretions of the
  pituitary
• 3. Thyroid regulates the bodys metabolism
• 4. Parathyroid works with thyroid to maintain
  homeostasis of calcium levels in blood

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Endocrine System

• Types of Glands
• 5. Adrenal releases hormones that help the
  body prepare for and deal with stress
• 6. Pancreas helps maintain blood sugar levels
• 7. Reproductive Glands ovaries in females
  testes in males

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Nervous System

• Controls and coordinates functions throughout the
  body and responds to internal and external
  stimuli
• Neurons cells that transmit the signals
  (impulses)
• 2 Divisions of the Nervous System
• 1. Central Nervous System
• 2. Peripheral Nervous System

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Nervous System

• 1. Central Nervous System
• Consists of the brain and spinal cord
• Relays messages, processes information and
  analyzes information
• 2. Peripheral Nervous System
• Consists of all the nerves and cells not part of
  the brain and spinal cord
• Transmits impulses from sense organs to the
  central nervous system
• Transmits impulses from the central nervous
  system to muscles or glands

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Immune System

• Fights infection through the production of cells
  that inactivate foreign substances or cells
• White blood cells are an important part of the
  immune system they attack and fight off the
  infection

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Reproductive System

• Consists of testes, urethra and penis for males
• Consists of ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus and
  vagina for females
• Produces reproductive cells (sperm and egg)
• In females, the uterus nurtures and protects the
  developing embryo