????????,????(in-transit inventory) ????????,???????????????????

1
???
????
2
????

• ??
• ????
• ?????????
• ????????

3
??

• ????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????
• ????????????,??????????????30,??????????,????????
  ??,?????????????

4
?????

• ???????????????????????
• ????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????

5
?????

• ?????
• ?????

• ?????????
• ?????????
• ?????????

???

• ??????????
• ???????????????

6
????

• ????????,????(in-transit inventory)
  ????????,???????????????????
• ???(JIT)?????(QR)???????,??????????????????,??????
  ???????????

7
????

• ????????????????????????

????(????)
??
??(????)
???????????
8
????

• ????,?????????(ex???)?
• ????,????????(ex??????????)?

9
?????????

• ?????????
• ??????
• ?????
• ???????
• ????

10
??????????

• ?????????????(shipper)? ???(consignee)????
  (carrier)?
• ?????????????????????(ex??????),?????????????????
  ?,????????????????????????5-1

11
????????
??????????????????? ?????,???????????
12
??????

• ??????(transport infrastructure)
• ??????????????
• ????(mode of transport)
• ????,??????????
• ??(rail)
• ?? (highway)
• ?? (water)
• ?? (air)
• ??(pipeline)

13
????????

• ????(rights-of way)
• ?????????,????????????????
• ??(vehicles)
• ????????,??????????
• ????(carrier organization)
• ?????????,?????????????????????????????????

14
???? (1/3)
15
???? (2/3)
?? ?????(????????) ?????
?? ?????(?????????) ??????(??????)
?? ??????(????) ??????(???????)
?? ??????(??????????????) ??????(??????)
?? ?????(??????????) ?????(?????????)
16
???? (3/3)
???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??
??(Speed) 3 2 4 5 1
???(Availability) 2 1 4 5 3
???(Dependability) 3 2 4 1 5
??(Capability) 2 3 1 5 4
??(Frequency) 4 2 5 1 3
?? 14 10 18 17 16
17
??????

• ????(?????????,carrier)?????????????,???????
• ?????(Common Carriers)
• ?????(Contract Carriers)
• ?????(Private Carriers)
• ??????(Exempt Carriers)
• ????????,???????????????????,???????,????????????

18
?????

• ???????????????(nondiscriminatory price)?????????
• ????(operating authority)????
• ????????
• ??????
• ?????????? (scheduled vs. unscheduled)
• ???????????????,??????????????????,?????????,?????
  ??????,??????????,??????????????

19
?????

• ?????(contract carriers)
• ???????????(???)????????
• ??????????????????????????????,?????????
• ?????????????,????????(owner-operator),?????????(t
  ractor),?????????(trailer)?????
• ??????????????????,????????,???????????(ex???????
  ?????)

20
?????

• ?????(private carriers)
• ??????,??????????????????????
• ????????????,???????????????????????,????????????,
  ??????????

21
??????

• ??????(exempt carriers)
• ???????????????????
• ???????????
• ??????? (???????????????)
• ?????? (???????????)

22
????????

• ???????(Single-mode carriers)
• ??????(Specialized carriers)
• ????????(Intermodal carriers)
• ???????(Nonoperating intermediaries)

23
???????

• ?????????,????????????????????
• ??
• ???????????????????,??????????????????????????????
  ?

24
??????

• ?????????????????????????,?????????????????,??????
  ???????????,??????????????
• ??????????(intermodal systems)?????,??????????????
  
• ?????????
• ????????(basic package services)
• ????????
• ????(home delivery services)

25
????????

• ??????????????????????
• ?????????3??7????
• ???????????????
• ??
• ??-??????????
• ??-??????????
• ??-????

26
????????

• ?????????(express package services)?
• ???????1???2??????????????
• ???????????1973??????????,?UPS?DHL??

27
????

• ???????????
• ????????????,????????????????????
• ???????????????????????,?????????????????????????
• ???????????????

28
????????

• ?????????????,???????????????????,????????????????
  
• ????????????
• ??-??????
• ??????(containerships and surface transportation
  intermodal)
• ?????????(air and truck intermodal)

29
??-??????

• ???????(trailer)???(container)???????(flat
  car)?????,???????(piggyback) ?TOFC?COFC?
• ???????????????????,???????????????????

30
??????

• ???????????????????,??????????????,??????????????(
  fishyback)?

31
?????????

• ??????,??????????
• ?????????????,??????????????
• ?????????????????????,?????????(birdback
  transportation)?

32
??????? (1/2)

• ???????(nonoperating intermediarties)?????????????
  ?,????????????????????
• ??????????????
• ??????????????????????????,??????????????,????????
  ????,??????????????????????????

33
??????? (2/2)

• ?????????
• ?????,???????
• ????????????????,??????????????????????????
• ?????/????/???
• ??????????,???????????????????????
• ?????
• ??????????????????????????????????

34
????

• ????????
• ????(????)
• ?????
• ????(?????)
• ???? (entry-exit regulation)
• ???? (rate regulation)
• ?????? (rate changes)
• ????
• ????

35
???????????? (1/2)

• ????(economy of scale)
• ?????????????????,???
• ???????????????
• ????????????????,????
• ?????????

36
???????????? (2/2)

• ????(economy of distance)
• ?????????????????????
• ????????????,??????
• ?????
• ???????????????????,?
• ?????????????????

37
????

• ?????????????????
• ?????????
• ??????
• ??????

38
?????????

39
???????????(Distance)

• ????????????,?????????,???(labor)???(fuel)???(mai
  ntenance)?

40
??????????(load weight)

• ??????(transportation scale economy)???????????,??
  ?,????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????

41
???????????(Density)

• ??????????????????????????,??????????

42
????????????(Stowability)

• ?????????????????????(????????????)???????????????
  ?????,??????????????????????????????????????
• ??????????,??????????,??????????

43
???????????(Handling)

• ????????????(??(taped)???(boxed)????(palletized))?
  ??????(handling equipment)?
• ????????????????????

44
?????????????(Liability)

• ??????6????????????????????????
• ???(susceptibility to damage)
• ?????????(property damage to freight)
• ???(perishability)
• ???(susceptibility to theft)
• ???(susceptibility to explosion)
• ???????(value per pound)

45
?????????????(1/2)

• ????(market factors)???????????????????????????
• ??????(transport lane)????????(origin and
  destination points)?????
• ??????????????????,??????????????(balanced
  lane),??????????

46
?????????????(2/2)

• ????????????,?????,??????????????????????????,???
  ???????????,??????????????(????)?
• ???????????????????,?????,?????????????

47
??????
???? ???????????????????(???) ????????????
???? ?????????????????,???????????????? ?
???? ??????????????????????????????
???? ??????????????????????????????,?????????
48
??????
?????? ?????? ????
???????????????,??????? ????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????
49
???? (1/2)

• ????(Bill of Landing)
• ?????????????????????
• ???????
• ??????(Uniform bill of lading)
• ???????(Negotiable or order-notified bill of
  lading)
• ??????(Export bill of lading)

50
???? (2 /2)

• ????(Freight Bill)
• ????(freight bill)???????????,?????????????????
• ????????(Shipping Manifest)
• ????(shipping manifest)???????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????

51
???????

• ???????????????????,??,??????????????????????????

?????????? ??????????
???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????
52
????

• ???????????????,????????????
• ???????
• ???????

53
??????

• ???????,?????????????????(auditing freight
  bills),????????????
• ????(preaudit)??????
• ????(postaudit)??????

54
???????????

• ????????????,?????????????????????????,???????????
  ????
• ??
• ?????????
• ??????????
• ???????????
• ????????
• ??????

55
????

• ??????????????,??????,?????????
• ?????
• ?????
• ?????
• ???????
• ??????

56
?????

• ???????????????????????????,???????????????
• ????
• ??????

57
?????

• ???????????????????,?????(trade-off
  analysis),??????????????,????????????
• ???????????
• ??
• ??????
• ???????
• ??
• ???
• ????

58
???????
59
??????

• ???????????????,??????????????????????????????????
  ?,???????????

60
?????

• ????(shipment tracing)
• ??????????????????????
• ????(shipment expiditing)
• ?????????????????????,?????????????????????,??????
  ????????

61
?????

• ????
• ????????(on-line freight information system)
• ????????????????????????????
• ??????(satellite communication system)
• ????????????,???????
• ????????(bar-code automatic identification
  technology)
• ????????????????????????,????????????