Population

1
Population

• UNIT II

2
Key Questions

• Will the earths population increase to a level
  that could lead to a global crisis?
• What patterns exist in the earths population
  densities and distributions?
• Why are populations growing faster in some areas
  of the world than in others?
• How have governments and religions attempted to
  influence population growth trends?
• How do geographers measure and study human
  population patterns?
• What are the current and past patterns of
  population migration and movements?
• What political, economic, and social factors
  influence population migration streams?

3
Population

• Demography
• Study of human populations
• Infrastructure
• Support systems (housing, food, education,
  healthcare, roadways)
• Scale of Inquiry
• Size of geographic investigationglobal vs.
  regional vs. local

4
Trends

• Populations are growing in poorer areas
• Ex. Africa and Asia
• Critical issue not the growing population
• Critical issue is growth without support

5
Demographic Accounting equations

• Global population accounting equation
• P0 population at start
• P1 population at end
• B Births within time interval
• D Deaths within time interval
• P1P0 B - D

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What about on a regional/subglobal level?

• Similar but adds two factors
• IMMIGRATIONthink Into
• EMMIGRATIONthink Exiting

7
Demographic Accounting equations

• Sub-Global population accounting equation
• P0 population at start
• P1 population at end
• B Births within time interval
• D Deaths within time interval
• I Immigration
• E Emmigration
• P1P0 B D I - E

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Population Distribution

• Distribution
• Pattern of people across the earths surface
• Throughout history it has been UNEVEN
• Cluster around RESOURCES
• ¾ of people live only on 5 of the earths
  surface
• ECUMENE- Earths surface where people can live
• 50/50 split (Urban vs. Rural)

9
Global Pop Distribution

• 81 of pop lives in LDCs
• 2 countries have over 1 billion people each
• 7 Billion worldwide
• 1 in 2 live in Asia
• 3 in 5 live in Asia/Europe
• Largest concentration East Asia (China, Japan,
  Taiwan, Korea)
• Second largest concentration S. Asia (India,
  Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan)

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Cont

• Natural Increase rate
• The percentage growth of a population in a year,
  computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude
  death rate
• Indias NIR is higher than Chinas what does
  that mean?
• Most Asians are subsistence farmers

11
Cont

• Third largest concentration Europe From
  Atlantic to the Ural Mtns.
• Mainly due to Industrial Revolution
• Most Europeans are Urban Dwellers
• Although Asian has a greater number of Urban
  Dwellers due to greater population

12
Density

• Arithmetic Density/Population Density
• Total number of people divided by total land area
• Egypt 177 people per sq mile
• Physiological Density
• Number of people divided by arable land
• Arable Farmland
• Ex. Egypt8,000 per sq mile of arable land
• Agricultural Density
• Farmers per unit of arable land
• Low agri density suggests large farms
• High agri density many farmers on each piece of
  farmland

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Overpopulation

• Carrying Capacity
• The number of people the area can sustain/support
• Efforts to increase C.C.
• Japan imports food and supplies
• Israel has improved irrigation
• Saudi Arabia has desalination plants

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Cont.

• Overpopulation
• When a region outgrows its carrying capacity

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Population Pyramids

• Age-Sex structures
• Helps to evaluate the distribution of ages and
  genders in a given population
• Cohort
• A group of people of the same age
• Pop Pyramids can help predict future growth or
  problems

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Population Pyramids

• Can look towards history to help explain
• Ex. Baby boom

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Graying Population

• Dependency ratio
• Ration of people 15-64 vs. the rest
• Why this group?
• In US and Europe the Ratio is growing
• In 2000 first time 60 and overs outnumbered
  people under 14

18
Population explosion

• We are growing EXPONENTIALLY
• Different than linear or arithmetic
• 1st agricultural rev.
• Industrial rev.
• 2nd ag revolution

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Theories of Pop Growth

• Thomas Malthus
• Said pop was growing GEOMETRICALLY
• Said food was growing ARITHMETICALLY
• Advocated birth control and celibacy (positive
  checks)
• Negative checks (war, starvation, disease)

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Pop

• 1650-1/2 billion
• 1820- 1 billion
• 1930- 2 billion
• 1975- 4 billion
• 2000- 6 billion
• 2012- 7 billion

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Other theories

• Karl Marx-uneven distribution of resources
• Boserup- increase subsistence farming
• Neo-Malthusians-we must reach a sustainable level

22
Demographers tools

• Crude birth rate number of live births per 1000
  people
• Crude death rate number of deaths per 1000
  people
• Infant mortality rate infant deaths per 1000
  births
• Life expectancy
• Fecundity ability of a woman to conceive
• General Fertility rate number of births per 1000
  women in the Fecund years

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Cont

• Total fertility rate predicted number of births
  a woman will have thru the fecund years
• A TFR of 2.1 in called replacement level
  fertilityleads to zero pop growth
• Global NIR or RNI in 2006 was 1.2 (0 means no
  growth)
• MDCs .1
• LDCs 1.5

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China

• Female infanticide due to 1 child policy
• Leads to increased HIV

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The Demographic Transition(Ch 2.3A)
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The Classic Stages of Demographic Transition
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Birth rate
Natural
increase
Death rate
Time
Note Natural increase is produced from the
excess of births over deaths.
Lesson Plan The Demographic Transition, Activity
One
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Stage 1 Low Growth

• Very high birth/death rates
• Occurred during most of human historyno country
  in stage one today
• of births of deaths (zero population growth)

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Stage 2 High Growth

• Very high birth rates/declining death rates
• Very high rate of natural increase
• New technologies developed during the Industrial
  Revolution helped farmers produce more food
  -especially in N. America Europe (_at_1800)
• Diffusion of medical technologies helped
  populations of LDCs in Africa, Asia, and Latin
  America grow in the mid-20th century.

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Stage 3 Moderate Growth

• birth rates rapidly decline/death rates
  continue to fall/rate of natural increase slows

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Stage 4 Low Growth

• Very low birth/death rates
• slow rate of natural increase
• Zero population growth

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Scatter graphs


                                                                                                                                   
Strong positive correlation Strong negative correlation

• Used to investigate the relationship between two
  variables for a set of paired data.
• Trend line should be drawn that
• Follow the trend of the data
• Join as many points as possible
• Leave an equal number of unjoined points on
  either side

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Epidemiological Transition model

• Focuses on causes of death at each stage of the
  Demographic transition model
• 4 stages (matches DTM)
• Stage 1- Pestilence and Famine
• Ex. Black plague
• Stage 2- Receding Pandemics
• Stage 3- Degenerative and Human created diseases
• Cancer, heart attacks, etc
• Stage 4- Delayed Degenerative disease
• Still there but doesnt occur as fast
• Stage 5?- Reemergence of infectious and parasitic
  disease
• Increase mobility

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Migration
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Population Movement

• Friction of Distance
• Difficulty of distance
• It has been reduced
• Space time compression
• Friction of distance being reduced through tech
• Spatial interaction
• Interaction between two places

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Migration

• The process of PERMANENTLY moving from your home
  region and crossing an administrative boundary
• Current174 million have migrated outside their
  home country

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Migration Stream

• A pathway from a place of origin to a destination
• PLACE DESIRABILITY
• Possession of Positive features
• Net in-migration
• More IMMIGRATION
• Net out-migration
• More EMMIGRATION

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Migration Streams

• Usually have COUNTERSTREAMS

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Push/Pull factors

• PUSH negative factors
• PULL positive factors

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Voluntary vs. Involuntary

• Voluntary
• They have the option
• Involuntary
• They are pushed from their land
• Ex. N. Atlantic slave trade

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Refugees

• Migrants that flee some sort of persecution or
  abuse
• INTERNATIONAL REFUGEES
• Flee to other countries
• INTRANATIONAL REFUGEES
• Flee to another area of the country they live in
• AKA internally displaced people

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Major areas of Dislocation and Refugees
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Sub-Saharan Africa

• Largest refugee crisis
• Rwanda and Congo- Tribal/Ethnic conflicts
• Darfur region(Sudan)- Religious/Ethnic tension
  between North and South, Muslims and Animists,
  and government and rebels have led to dislocation
• Zaire, Tanzania, Sierra Leone, Angola, Burundi
• War related refugees

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Middle East

• (may include N. Africa)
• Migration streams include
• Palestinians after formation of Israeli state to
  neighboring SW Asia Jordan, Syria, and Egypt
• Kurdish from Iraq and Afghanistan during Soviet
  occupation in the 1980s

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Europe

• In the Balkins Fall of Yugoslavia led to largest
  refugee crisis in Europe since WWIInearly 7
  million

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SE Asia

• The Vietnam war created 2 million refugees
• Cambodia
• Violent government transition led to 300,000
  refugees
• Burma
• (now Myanmar)
• Dislocated thousands

46
S. Asia

• Afghani refugees to neighboring Pakistan
• Sri Lanka nearly 1 million citizens dislocated
  by a feud with the Sinhalese government

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Internal Migration

• Interregional Migration
• Intraregional Migration
• Urban Migration
• CounterUrbanization

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US migration patterns

• Have shifted west and south
• Great Migration
• African Americans moving North after 1900 (WWI)
• 1970s they moved back South
• Overall shift South for better weather and
  opportunities (Jobs moved South)

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Aging Industry

• Rustbelt (northeast)
• Sunbelt (South)

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After WWII migration

• Jewish immigrants to Israel from all over
  including Russia and Germany
• E. German emigration to other areas to avoid
  Soviet control
• Asia (Philippines, Vietnam, India) gt USA
• N. Africa/Turkey to Europe (France, Germany, and
  England)

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Migration Selectivity

• Decision to migrate is a predictable pattern
  based on age, income, and other socioeconomic
  factors
• Age most relevant (18-30)

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Brain Drain

• Most educated leave for more distant job
  opportunities
• Ex. Appalachian region in Kentucky

53
Gravity Model

• Larger places attract more migrants
• Also closer places also attract more migrants
  than farther places
• Migration is therefore directly proportionate to
  population size and inversely proportionate to
  the distance between two places

54
Ravenstein Migration Laws

• Majority of migrants travel short distances
• Step migration
• Intervening opportunities
• Intervening Obstacles

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Cont

• Migrants who travel farther will tend to move to
  large cities
• Rural residents are more likely to migrate
• Families are less likely to migrate across
  borders
• Every migration steam has a counterstream

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Chain Migration
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Migration transition

• Stage 1- searching local for necessities
• Stage 2- Countries are taxed for resources (due
  to NIR) so people move out
• Stage 3-Internal Migration cities to suburbs
• Stage 4- Intraregional