1932

1
Brazil Under Vargas

• 19321954

2
IB Objectives

• Latin Americas responses to the Depression
  either G Vargas or the Concordancia in Argentina
  Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) or
  any relevant case study of a Latin American
  country

3
IB Paper 3 Sample Questions

• Compare and contrast the rise to power of two
  populist leaders in Latin America between 1945
  and 1979.
• For what reasons was Getulio Vargass era
  (19301945) a significant turning point in
  Brazilian history?
• Examine the methods used and the conditions which
  helped the rise to power of one single party
  state leader in one country of Latin America in
  the first half of the twentieth century.

4
IB Paper 3 Sample Questions

• How did either Getulio Vargas of Brazil or Juan
  Perón of Argentina gain and retain the support of
  the urban workers?
• For what reasons, and with what success, was
  there opposition to the Vargas regime between
  1930 and 1945?
• For what reasons, and what with results, did
  Populist movements emerge in Latin America in the
  first half of the twentieth century? Support your
  answer with specific examples from one country of
  the region.

5
IB Paper 3 Sample Questions

• For what reasons, and by what means, did either
  Perón or Vargas obtain power?
• Assess the nature and effectiveness of opposition
  to either Juan Domingo Perón (194655) or Getulio
  Vargas (193045).
• Analyse the aims and achievements of one populist
  leader in Latin America in the first half of the
  twentieth century.
• In what ways, and with what results, did either
  Perón or Vargas pursue populist policies?

6
Lecture Outline

1. Sao Paulo
2. Political Reforms
3. Estado Novo
4. Estado Novo and ISI
5. Brazil and WWII
6. Effects of the War

7
Key Terms

• Estado Novo

8
Sao Paulo

• Vargas spent his first years in office taking
  power away from Sao Paulo.
• The Sao Paulo oligarchy would not accept the
  changes and in July 1932 the state militia rose
  in revolt against Vargas.
• By September federal troops had defeated the
  rebels.

9
Political Reforms

• In February 1932 Vargas established the secret
  ballot, lowered the voting age from 21 to 18, and
  extended the vote to women.
• 95 of Brazilians still remained ineligible to
  vote.
• Since Vargas ruled as a dictator there were no
  national elections between 1930 and 1945.
• July 1934 a new constitution retained the
  countrys federal system but considerably
  strengthened the powers of the executive.

10
Estado Novo

• November 1935 the left began an armed uprising
  that was quickly crushed.
• November 10, 1937 Vargas canceled the 1938
  presidential election, dissolved Congress and
  assumed dictatorial power under a new
  constitution patterned on European fascist
  models.

11
Estado Novo and ISI

• Industrial production doubled between 1931 and
  1936.
• By 1941 Brazil had 44,100 plants employing
  944,000 workers compared to 13,336 plants with
  about 300,000 workers in 1920.
• The German bank for South America established 300
  branches in Brazil.
• Foreign investment grew and by 1940 foreign
  capital represented 44 of the total investment
  in Brazilian stock companies.

12
Impact of Estado Novo on Brazil

• Heavy control and regulation by government
• Censorship
• Rhetoric outpaced reality

13
Picking a Side

• In November 1940 Brazil and the US signed a
  secret agreement that allowed the US to build
  airfields on the Brazilian bulge.
• In January 1942 Brazil broke diplomatic relations
  with Germany and German U-boats began to sink
  Brazilian merchant ships.
• In May 1942, after losing 2 ships to German
  submarines, Mexico declared war on Germany
  increasing the pressure on Brazil to do the same.

14
Picking a Side

• In August 1942 10 German submarines attacked
  Brazilian coastal shipping. A Brazilian troop
  transport ship was sunk killing 257 Brazilian
  soldiers.
• Pres. Roosevelt sent anti-submarine ships to the
  Brazilian navy and instructed the US embassy to
  purchase surplus coffee, cacao, and Brazil nuts.
• On August 22, 1942 Brazil declared war on Germany.

15
Brazil Joins the Fight

• Roosevelt and Vargas met in late January 1943.
• In July 1944 the first wave of what would total
  25,344 Brazilian troops were sent to Italy.
• Brazil lost 1,889 soldiers and sailors, 31
  merchant ships, 3 warships, and 22 fighter
  aircraft.
• Brazil received 70 of all US Lend-Lease
  equipment sent to Latin America.

16
Effects of the War

• Vargas announced an amnesty for political
  prisoners, allowed political parties to function
  openly and set December 2, 1945 as the date for
  elections.
• In 1946 General Eurico Dutra was elected
  president.
• In 1950 Vargas ran for president again and won.
• August 24, 1954 the military ordered Vargas to
  resign or be deposed and the 72 year old Vargas
  committed suicide.