Title: OGT SOCIAL STUDIES PREP Session 4
1OGT SOCIAL STUDIES PREPSession 4
- World War I
- Between the Wars 1920s 1930s
- World War II
- Test Taking Tips Strategies
2World War I
- WWI had multiple causes effects, arising from
militarism, imperialism, nationalism alliances. - The global scope of WWI increased the human costs
of war.
3World War I
- New technologies practices use of poison
mustard gas, trench warfare, machine guns,
airplanes (for reconnaissance), submarines,
tanks affected the outcome of the war - WWI was fought mostly in Europe the United
States became one of the Allied Powers.
4World War I
- After the Treaty of Versailles ended WWI, the
League of Nations as formed in an attempt to
create a forum for peacefully solving disputes
between nations. - The failure of President Woodrow Wilsons
Fourteen Points for peace, along with the refusal
of the United States to join the League of
Nations, had far-reaching consequences
5WWI Causes Imperialism(may also be
considered Expansion)
- By the early 1900s, much of Asia and nearly all
of Africa had been colonized by European nations. - Colonies provided raw materials and new markets
for European manufacturing. - Desire to increase their empires led to
competition and power struggles among European
nations.
6WWI Causes Militarism
- The spread of nationalism in Europe led to a
dangerous arms race, in which nations built up
their armies ( navies, for some) to maintain
equal strength with their neighbors. - Britain had the worlds strongest naval power.
- Other European nations built up their navies to
be able to compete with Britain. - By 1900, Germany had largest best-trained army
in Europe - Draft increased the size of army during peacetime.
7WWI Causes Alliances(Sshhh Some of them are
secret!)
- Military agreements to protect the other in case
of attack. - Long chains of allying countries formed.
- Several countries could be drawn into conflict if
one was attacked by one other. - Since many of the agreements were secret,
attacking country may not know the consequences
of their actions until it was too, late.
8WWI Causes Alliances
- Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary
- Later joined by Bulgaria the Ottoman Empire
- Allies Great Britain, France, and Russia
- The United States (eventually) joined the side of
the Allies.
9WWI Causes - Nationalism
- Feeling of pride and loyalty people have for
their country or for other people who share a
common history, language, or culture. - Swept the European continent during the 1800s.
- Rise of nationalism led to minority groups to
call for independence - Czechs and Slovaks in Austria-Hungary wished to
form their own nation - Poles wanted an independent Poland had been
divided by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia.
10WWI Causes Nationalism
- Bosnia area was part of the Austria-Hungary
Empire, but many Serbs lived there. - Serbs and Serbia wanted Bosnia to be part of
Serbia. - Black Hand Gavrilo Princip assassinated
Archduke Francis Ferdinand heir to the
Austria-Hungary throne. - THIS WAS THE SPARK THAT IGNITED ALL THE CAUSES TO
EXPLODE INTO WWI.
11WWI - Causes
- The assassination of Francis Ferdinand (a sign of
showing nationalism) sparked the alliances into
action! - European nations were already heated with one
another over imperialistic competition. - European nations were ready to go to war, due to
their militarism efforts. - An assassination of one person, no matter what
his position, should never be able to lead to
WORLD WAR, but everything else was in place, and
thus, World War I began.
12Which term is defined largely by feelings of
intense patriotism?
- Neutrality
- Militarism
- Nationalism
- Imperialism
13Which term is defined largely by feelings of
intense patriotism?
- Neutrality
- Militarism
- Nationalism
- Imperialism
- If you said NATIONALISM, you would be CORRECT!
14WWI Causes - Writing Response
- Explain how the system of alliances that was
formed in Europe before WWI caused most European
nations to draw into the conflict.
15Possible Answer
- Alliances were formed between European nations.
- Many of them were secret agreements.
- An attack against one nation would be considered
an attack against any of the nations in alliance
with the nation that was attacked. - Attacking nations had alliances as well, and
often didnt know who the country they attacked
was in alliance with. - An attack against one nation could result in MANY
nations going to war with one another as a matter
of defending those in their alliance.
16WWI Causes US Entering
- Remember The United States tried to remain
NEUTRAL not taking sides in the conflict when
WWI began in Europe. - US was trading with both sides and benefitting
financially. - Americans were divided among ethnic lines, due to
common heritage Some favored the Central
Powers some favored the Allied Powers. - America had long-standing ties with Britain (our
fore-fathers were from there) and France (helped
us in the Revolutionary War).
17Why did the US enter WWI?
- Germany used U-boats, submarines, to sink neutral
ships going in and out of Britain. - They would attack without warning.
- Wilson issued a warning to knock it off- OR ELSE.
- Germany didnt want US to enter the war yet
Sussex Pledge said they would give warning and
investigate before sinking ships.
18Why did the US enter WWI?
- Germany sank the Lusitania a British passenger
ship that had 128 Americans on board. - Zimmerman Note Germany offered Mexico help
getting back lost lands (NM, TX, AZ, CA) if
Mexico would declare war against the United
States and, thus, join WWI on the side of the
Central Powers. - This would make the US have to focus on Mexico
and not be able to send all troops to Europe to
help the Allied Powers.
19Congress voted to declare war on Germany for
several reasons. Which of these did NOT
contribute to Congresss decision to declare war
on Germany?
- The Zimmerman Note
- Shared German ancestry
- The sinking of the Lusitania
- Germanys submarine warfare.
20Congress voted to declare war on Germany for
several reasons. Which of these did NOT
contribute to Congresss decision to declare war
on Germany?
- The Zimmerman Note
- Shared German ancestry
- The sinking of the Lusitania
- Germanys submarine warfare.
- If you said SHARED GERMAN ANCESTRY, you would be
CORRECT!
21Negotiations for Peace
- Fourteen Points Peace plan developed by Wilson
- Self-Determination Right of national groups to
have their independence and own governments
Countries formed around nationalities of people,
rather than splitting national groups by borders. - End to secret agreements.
- Free seas and trade
- Disarmament (reducing of military force) of
major powers. - Fair hearings on colonial claims giving
colonized people an equal voice in decisions.
22Negotiations for peace Fourteen Points
- Formation of the League of Nations 14th Point
to handle international disputes BEFORE they
caused war. - Wilson pushed for Peace Without Victory
- Wilson realized that if you punished Germany too,
much they would want revenge later. - Britain, France, and other European countries
wanted Germany to pay for starting the war.
23Treaty of Versailles
- Not signed by US Congress would not sign
because the League of Nations would lead the US
to become entangled in European affairs in the
future. - German colonies in Africa and Asia were given to
Britain, France, Japan, Australia, and New
Zealand. - Poland was re-created taking land from Germany
and Russia - Germany had to pay LARGE reparations.
- Germany had to take full blame for the war.
- Germany had to limit their military
24Treaty of Versailles
- Land Germany gained from Russia (Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk) was made into Estonia, Latvia,
Lithuania (Taken from Germany and not given back
to Russia). - Austria-Hungary Empire Divided
- Austria and Hungary became independent nations.
- Italy Romania took some of the land that was
once A-H - Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia were created
Grouped together different ethnic groups major
impact later in the 20th century.
25Treaty of Versailles
- Ottoman Empire broken up
- Turkey, Greece, and Britain took over former
Ottoman lands.
26WWI - Costs
- Central Powers were defeated, but destruction was
felt on both sides. - Western Front much of France lay in ruins.
- 30 nations involved
- Nearly 8 million soldiers died.
- 24 million soldiers wounded.
- Many civilians were killed or wounded.
- Total Dollar Amount Around 186 billion
27Between the Wars 1920s 1930s In Europe (In
a nutshell)
- Countries were rebuilding after WWI - Had to
borrow money from other countries to rebuild,
putting them even more in debt. - Bitter resentment built up from the Treaty of
Versailles caused countries like Germany to want
revenge. - When the Depression spread from the US to Europe,
countries turned to dictatorial leaders to return
them to their former glory. (No money makes
people feel even worse THEY WANT ANSWERS HELP
and NOW!) - Germany Hitler - Nazism
- Italy Mussolini - Fascism
- Spain Franco - Fascism
- Russia Lenin - then Stalin - Communism
- Japan Hirohito - Militarism
28Between the Wars 1920s 1930s
- Civil War (Russian Revolution) WWI left Russia
in shambles New Communist regime under Lenin
Sounded good at first, but after Lenin died,
Stalin defeated rivals and became dictator and
wanted to build a powerful industrial economy He
killed his enemies and objectors by the 1000s. - Foreshadowing The Russian Revolution set the
stage for the basic conflict of the 20th century
Communism vs. Capitalism Russia vs. United
States COLD WAR
29Between the Wars 1920s 1930s
- Colonial Rebellion in Asia the Middle East
- All of SE Asia was taken over by European powers
during the 19th century. But after WWI, Burma,
Indochina (Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam) and Indonesia
began to seek independence. The demand for
self-rule would not lead to complete independence
for several decades.
30Between the Wars 1920s 1930s
- British rule in India Mohandas Gandhi urged
people to resist the government nonviolently. - After 15 years of resistance, the British
government created the Government of India Act
(1935) Britain remained in power, but Indians
were given a voice in government and established
provinces governed only by Indians.
31Between the Wars 1920s 1930s
- Nations in the Middle East had expected to become
independent after WWI. They had been loyal to
the Allies, providing much needed oil - Britain France established control of the
oil-rich ME through the League of Nations. - Arab nations sought to gain independence from
imperialist control. - 1922 British allowed an Arab prince to become
king of Iraq North African nation of Egypt won
independence - 1925 Iran was taken over by an army officer who
became the shah (king) - 1932 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was established.
32Effects of the Great Depression in Europe
- Much like in the US Businesses closed. People
were unable to pay loans. People were out of
work. There were limited sources to obtain money.
33Between the Wars The 1920s in the US
- US entered the 1920s PROSPEROUS!
- US was turning toward isolationism again, but had
mutually acceptable trade relations with Latin
American countries. - Industry was booming More consumer goods were
available - Workers had more free time more time to spend
money
34Between the Wars The 1920s in the US
- Middle class prosperity attributed to several
factors Economy expanded, wages rose, work
house decreased. - Farmers (for the most part) did not feel the
upside of the roaring 20s. - They had mortgaged more land to produce the food
needed for the war effort. - After the war was over, they had to cut back
- Surpluses drove prices for farm goods down.
35Between the Wars The 1920s in the US
- Red Scare developed Fear of communist and
anarchist take over because union membership
grew and unions were strong. - Immigration Restriction Act (1924) growing
distrust of immigrants Nativism increased in
the US. - Reemergence of the Ku Klux Klan
- Fear that African-Americans would demand more
rights Many African-Americans fought in Europe
for Europeans independence, yet they didnt
enjoy the rights they fought for abroad at home. - African-Americans faced lynchings Race riots
peaked after WWI.
36Between the Wars The 1920s in the US
- Great Migration Millions of African-Americans
left the rural South for Northern and Western
cities (NY, Chicago, Detroit, LA), due to
mistreatment/Jim Crow laws in the South. - Harlem Renaissance and the Jazz Age
- Centered in Harlem, NYC
- Authors Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston,
Countee Cullen, James Weldon Johnson, Jean Toomer - Jazz Musicians Louis Armstrong, Fletcher
Henderson, Duke Ellington, Bessie Smith
37Between the Wars The 1920s in the US
- African-Americans put the US on the map,
culturally, with Jazz. - Prior to the Jazz Age, most American music was
borrowed from some place else. - Jazz combined blues, ragtime, New Orleans brass
band music, and spiritual hymns. - It was a innovation! It spread throughout the US
and into Europe and then the rest of the world!
38Between the Wars The 1920s in the US
- REPUBLICAN DECADE
- Presidents (Pro business/Laissez-faire
policies) - Warren Harding
- Calvin Coolidge
- Herbert Hoover
- Amendments
- 18th Prohibition
- 19th Womens Suffrage (Right to vote)
39Between the Wars The 1920s in the US
- Stock Market Speculation Crash
- Not all Americans enjoyed economic prosperity.
African Americans had a much higher unemployment
rate than other American groups. Many who lived
in cities couldnt afford lifes basic
necessities. Yet, many Americans prospered and
the it seemed limitless!
40Between the Wars The 1920s in the US
- Economy had started to slow, but it wasnt
realized until too, late. (Records were not kept
regarding business sales, demand decreases, etc.
as they are now.) - Banks were making risky/unwise loans to stock
market investors. - Buying stock ON MARGIN Only had to put a
portion of the cost of the stock down You could
sell before paying it off Inflated the stock
market.
41Between the Wars The 1920s in the US
- Stock market was riding the bubble, and on
Wednesday, October 23, 1929, the bubble burst
Next day Black Thursday. - Investors rushed to cash in their investments.
- Stock prices fell
- Panic fed itself People began withdrawing their
money from banks. - Banks couldnt meet depositors demands and
closed People lost their life savings. - Crash BLACK TUESDAY October 29, 1929.
42Between the Wars The 1920s in the US
- Hoover didnt do enough to help people after the
crash. - He believed in the American system of rugged
individualism. Basically, he believed that
everything would work itself out and that the
government shouldnt step in to fix something
that was in the business realm. - He eventually established the Reconstruction
Finance Corp to channel assistance to farmers and
businesses in need, but it was too little, too
late.
43The Great Depression 1930s in the US
- Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt easily beat
Hoover in the election of 1932. - FDR immediately started working to fix the
Depression He believed that the government
should try anything If it didnt work, move on
and try something else. - NEW DEAL FDRs plan to attack the Depression
44The Great Depression 1930s in the US
- New Deal outlined 3 main goals
- Relief for the Jobless
- Plans for Economic Recovery
- Prevent Another Depression (Reform)
- The New Deal enlarged the federal government
- Created a slew of agencies organizations
- Often called Alphabet Soup agencies.
45The Great Depression 1930s in the US
- Alphabet Soup lives on!
- Social Security Administration
- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
insures bank deposits - Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) regulates
the stock market - National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) protects
and regulates labor unions - Federal Housing Administration (FHA) offers loans
insurance to homeowners
46The Great Depression 1930s in the US
- Cultural Environment
- Artists and writers used the Depression as the
backdrop/topic for their work and used their work
for social commentary. - Works Progress Administration (WPA) put artists
to work writing local folk lore, painting murals,
putting on performances, etc. - Some famous works, which you may have heard War
of the Worlds (radio broadcast), Snow White the
Seven Dwarves, Gone With the Wind, The Grapes of
Wrath
47The Great Depression 1930s in the US
- There is debate about how much good the New Deal
did for the United States. - Critics would claim that the Federal Governments
deficit spending (spending more than it takes in
through taxes), putting the nation into debt. - The critics also believed that the New Deal was
interfering too, much in peoples lives and was
giving the federal government too, much power.
48The Great Depression 1930s in the US
- Supporters felt that the New Deal efforts gave
the American people hope and provided them with
money to be able to eat and survive. - Supporters also argued that it saved the nations
democratic system, as the US was able NOT to turn
to a dictatorial government, like many of the
nations in Europe had/were done/doing.
49The Great Depression 1930s in the US
- Looking back (hindsight is 20/20) we can see that
the New Deal did NOT end the Great Depression - World War II began in Europe in 1939, when Hitler
invaded Poland, and the United States started
producing for the war effort Thats what took
the United States out of the Great Depression
50WWII Its Important Points
- WWII started in Europe with Germany invading its
neighbors, and spread into the Pacific, with
Japan conquering China and many Pacific Island
nations. - The causes of WWII included a policy of
appeasement toward Hitler, the expansion of the
Axis powers and the actions of the Allies.
51WWII Its Important Points
- The US maintained an isolationist stance while
helping its European allies until Japans attack
on Pearl Harbor caused the US to enter the war. - As US soldiers went to war, Americans at home
mobilized to support the war effort. - A tragic part of the war was the shameful
internment of Japanese Americans (and others with
Axis ancestry).
52WWII Its Important Points
- The United States emerged from WWII as one of the
dominant powers in world affairs. - The end of WWII was quickly followed by the
beginning of the Cold War.
53World War II - Causes
- Some are the same/similar to those of WWI
- Nationalism
- Imperialism Expansion (Appeasement of Germany
added to this cause Continuing to sell Japan
items needed for their war/military efforts added
to this cause.) - Alliances
- Militarism (Continuing to sell Japan items needed
for their war/military efforts added to this
cause.) - Some are different
- Treaty of Versailles (Bitterness Resentment and
consequences of such) - The Great Depression
54World War II
- Germany wanted to expand its territory and power
in Europe. - March 1938 Marched into Austria and made it a
province - British (Neville Chamberlain) believed it would
be better to give Hitler what he wanted to avoid
war --- APPEASEMENT. - September 1938 Hitler moved to take over the
Sudetenland in Western Czechoslovakia Munich
Conference Britain, France, Italy agreed to
permit Hitler to take over the Sudetenland if he
promised not to take the rest of Czechoslovakia.
--- APPEASEMENT AGAIN!
55World War II
- Appeasement did not work!
- Hitler began looking at Poland as a potential
land to conquer Britain warned that it would
defend Poland. - September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland
Blitzkrieg Lightening War - 2 days later (September 3rd) Britain France
declared war on Germany.
56WWII Nazi-Soviet Pact
- Before WWII began, Germany the Soviet Union
signed a nonaggression pact Both agreed not to
attack each other. - In June of 1941, Germany attacked the Soviet
Union (Breaking the pact). - May have cost Germany the war.
- Soviets now could attack Germany from the east.
- Germany had to divide its troops to fight on both
sides.
57World War II
- Americans maintained a policy of isolationism.
- Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts
forbidding the US to sell weapons or give help to
countries at war. - Germany invaded France and threatened Britain.
- FDR persuaded Congress to pass the Lend-Lease Act
(1941) Allowed US to give American ships and
supplies to Britain the Soviet Union FDR
promised all measures short of war to help. - US had created an Arsenal of Democracy way to
explain why we werent completely neutral or
isolated.
58World War II
- Japan wanted to increase its holdings in the
Pacific - Went to war with China (1937)
- Britain US condemned Japans actions, but
continued to sell machinery, oil, steel, and
scrap metal to the Japanese - Japan had taken over French Dutch territories
in the Pacific when WWII broke out in Europe.
59World War II
- When war began in Europe and the Japanese
supported Germany and took over the French
Dutch territories in Asia -- the U.S. cut off
sales of oil and scrap metal to the Japanese
(embargo) and began sending warships into Asian
waters. - US and Japan tried to negotiate and talk things
out - Talks were abruptly halted.
60World War II
- Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7,
1941. - SURPRISE ATTACK!
- Killed 2500 Americans
- Sank or damaged 8 battleships
- Destroyed 8 airplanes
- Shocked the American public!
- December 8, 1941 Congress declared war on
Japan. - Germany Italy immediately declared war on the
U.S.
61WWII On the US Home Front
- TOTAL WAR situation All resources organized for
the war effort - Women worked in the factories (Rosie the Riveter
posters) and served in the armed forces
noncombat duties. - Draft extended to men ages 18-45
- Factories made planes and tanks.
- Farmers produced more to feed soldiers overseas
and civilians at home. - Rationing recycling employed.
62WWII On the US Home Front
- Americans were worried about enemy spies.
- Discrimination against German, Italian, and
Japanese Americans was prevalent. - Japanese-Americans were put into relocation
(internment) camps for fear that they would aid
the enemy. - In 1988, Congress awarded (surviving)
Japanese-Americans who had been interned 20,000
as an official apology from the federal
government.
63World War II
- War fought on two fronts, or in two different
theaters. - WWII Theaters of War
- European Theater
- Pacific Theater
64World War II
- At first, the US concentrated its efforts in the
Pacific in Italy/North Africa. - The US (Dwight Eisenhower) in charge of D-Day
invasion (Operation Overlord) - Largest seaborne operation in military history.
- More than 140,000 soldiers (American, British,
Canadian) stormed the beaches of Normandy France
on June 6, 1944 - This effort eventually allowed the Allies to push
the Germans back across Europe from the west,
while the Soviets (Russians) were crushing from
the east.
65World War II
- Eventually, the Allied forces met in Torgau,
south of Berlin. - They stormed into Berlin.
- Hitler committed suicide and the Allies captured
Berlin. - VE Day (Victory in Europe Day) May 8, 1945
66World War II
- US used island hopping strategy and the help of
the Navajo Code Talkers in the Pacific. - Conquered islands one by one on the way to main
land Japan. - Navajo (Native American) soldiers were able to
talk in their native language to give
directions/orders to pilots. - The enemy couldnt understand them.
- June 1942 Americans broke Japans secret
communication codes Won Battle of Midway
67WWII US involvement
- FDR died (April 1945) Truman takes over.
- Truman learns of secret new weapon Manhattan
Project atomic bomb - Bomb tested in July of 1945
- Allied leaders meet in Potsdam Germany
- Truman issues warning to Japan Surrender or
face prompt and utter destruction. - Japan ignores warning (Potsdam Declaration)
- US drops atomic bombs on Japan
- August 6, 1945 Hiroshima
- August 9, 1945 - Nagasaki
68World War II General Timeline
- 1941
- December 7 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor
- 1942
- June- US defeats Japan at the Battle of Midway
- Nov 8 Allied army invades North Africa
- 1943
- February German forces in Stalingrad surrender
to the Soviet Red Army - July 10 Allied army invades Italy
69World War II General Timeline
- 1944
- June 6 D-Day Allied army invades
German-occupied France - October US Navy destroys Japanese naval forces
at Leyte Gulf - December Battle of the Bulge begins Germans
make strong stand before being defeated in
January 1945.
70World War II General Timeline
- 1945
- January Allies win Battle of the Bulge
- (In 1945 not exact date)
- Concentration camps are discovered (Examples
Auschwitz Dachau) - April 12 FDR dies Harry Truman becomes
President - May 8 V-E Day Germany surrenders War ends in
Europe
71World War II General Timeline
- 1945 (Continued)
- August 6 9 US drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima
and Nagasaki - August 14 Japan agrees to surrender
- September 2
- V-J Day (Victory in Japan Day) Japan officially
surrenders aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay
72WWII Impact Aftermath
- Estimated deaths 13 million soldiers
- 23 million soldiers wounded
- 75 million people world wide may have died.
- Millions lost their homes possessions became
refugees - Much of Europe Japan destroyed
- Europes economy ruined millions in poverty
73WWII Impact Aftermath
- Estimated 6 million Jews died in concentration
camps in Germany Poland THE HOLOCAUST - Nuremberg Trials Leaders of Germany Japan put
on trial - 12 sentenced to death
- Hideki Tojo Japanese General who ordered attack
on Pearl Harbor - executed
74WWII Impact Aftermath
- Stronger sense of nationalism throughout the
world increased - Colonies in Africa Asia demanded independence
from European rule. - British granted India independence
- French were forced out of SE Asia
- Other European colonies in Africa Asia received
their independence
75WWII Impact Aftermath
- Soviet Union and United States emerged from WWII
as the worlds 2 most powerful nations. - Soviets refused to remove armies from Eastern
Europe after the war. - Soon cut off all contact between Eastern Europe
and the West. - Intense rivalry developed between democratic
nations (led by the US) and Communist nations
(led by the Soviet Union) - COLD WAR BEGINS!
76WWII Impact Aftermath
- UNITED NATIONS FORMED
- Because of the terrible destructiveness of WWII,
the Allies were determined to keep the postwar
world at peace and to prevent the rise of
powerful, warlike dictatorships. The US, along
with Soviet Union, Great Britain, France and
China, took the lead in establishing the UN. - Originally 50 member nations. (Today- 191)
- Japan not allowed to become a
- member until 1953 (punishment) Italy
- had to wait until 1955 Germany 1973.
77Establishment of Israel
- Both Palestinian Arabs Jews lived together in
the region in the Middle East known as Palestine
for 100s of years. - Jerusalem Holy to Muslims, Jews, Christians
- After WWI, Britain was put in charge of
Palestine. - British had promised to support a Jewish homeland
in Palestine, much to the dismay of Arabs in the
region wanted Palestine to be part of a new
Arab state.
78Establishment of Israel
- Fighting between Jews Arabs broke out in the
region following WWII. - British handed over the problem to the UN in
1947. - UN chose to divide Palestine into Jewish and Arab
regions, but Arab nations opposed the idea. - 1948 Jewish residents of Palestine proclaimed
the state of Israel.
79Establishment of Israel
- Combined army (Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon,
Iraq) invaded Israel, but was crushed by the
Israeli army. - The US immediately recognized Israel as a nation.
- Arab nations in the region did NOT.
- The conflict ensued!
- (More about the Israeli-Arab-Palestinian conflict
when we talk about The Cold War and Post-Cold War
Era.)
80Test Taking Tips Strategies
- This is a continuation of Test Taking Tips and
Strategies that have been presented in Sessions
1-3. - To be sure youve got all of the strategies,
refer to the past OGT Social Studies Prep
PowerPoint presentations - OGT Social Studies Prep PowerPoints can be found
on Ms. Es web page www.copley-fairlawn.org/estr
ight
81Face Value
- When in doubt, use common sense.
- Accept the situation in the problem at face
value - DONT READ TOO MUCH INTO IT!
- These problems will not require you to make huge
leaps of logic. - If you have to go beyond creativity and make a
leap of logic in order to have an answer choice
answer the question LOOK AT THE OTHER CHOICES!
82Face Value (Continued)
- Dont overcomplicate the problem by creating
relationships or explanations that dont exist. - These are normal problems rooted in REALITY
so dont what if or it would, if! - Applicable relationships or explanations may not
be readily apparent - You just have to figure things out.
- Use your common sense to interpret anything that
is not clear.
83Prefixes Suffixes
- If youre having trouble with a word in the
question or answer choice, try breaking it
down/dissecting it. - Take advantage of EVERY CLUE that the word might
include. - Prefixes suffixes can be a big help they
usually allow you to determine basic meaning. - Examples Pre Before Post After Pro
Positive De Negative
84Prefixes Suffixes (Continued)
- From prefixes suffixes, you can get an idea of
the general meaning of a word. - Try to put it in context.
- Beware of any traps.
- Example Just because CON is the opposite of PRO
does NOT mean that CONgress is the opposite of
PROgress.
85Hedge Phrases(Watch out for them!)
- Hedge Phrases are phrases such as likely, may,
can, will often, sometimes, almost, mostly,
usually, generally, rarely, and sometimes. - They are inserted to cover every possibility.
- Often an answer choice will be wrong simply
because it leaves no room for exception. - Avoid answer choices that have DEFINITIVE WORDS
like exactly and always.
86Switchback Words(Stay alert for them!)
- Switchbacks are words and phrases frequently used
to alert you to SHIFTS OF THOUGHT. - The most common switchback word is BUT.
- Others Although, however, nevertheless, on the
other hand, even though, while, in spite of,
despite, regardless of
87New Information
- CORRECT ANSWER CHOICES will rarely have
completely new information included. - Answer choices are typically straightforward
reflections of the material asked about and will
directly relate to the question. - If a new piece of information is included in an
answer choice that doesnt even seem to relate to
the topic being asked, the answer choice is
probably INCORRECT. - All of the information needed to answer the
question is usually provided for you. - You should not have to make guesses that are
unsupported. - You should not have to choose answer choices that
require unknown information that cannot be
reasoned on its own.
88Time Management
- Dont get lost on technical terms.
- Dont spend too much time on any one question
(Within reason An extended response will likely
take you longer than a multiple choice question
and ITLL BE WORTH MORE POINTS!) - You cant use a dictionary, so if you dont know
what a term means, odds are you arent going much
further with that! - You should immediately recognize terms as those
you know and those you dont know. - If you dont know a term, work with the other
clues you have and the other answer choices and
terms provided Then move on.
89Contextual Clues(Look for them!)
- Contextual Clues will help you find the answer
that is MOST right and IS CORRECT. - An answer can be right, but NOT correct.
- Understand the context in which a phrase or
statement is made. - This will help you make distinctions that are
important for choosing the right answer choice.
90DONT PANIC!Panicking will NOT answer questions
for you.
- If your mind goes blank when seeing a question,
TAKE A DEEP BREATH! - Force yourself to go through the question STEP BY
STEP. - Mechanically go through the steps of
answering/solving the problem/question using the
strategies that you know and have learned.
91Pace Yourself
- Dont be a clock watcher.
- Stay calm
- Maintain a pace YOUve set for YOURself.
- When you get towards the end of testing time,
dont freak out! - Remember you wont have as much of the test left
at that point, so youre right on track! - Take the remaining time provided if needed.
- Dont worry about how quickly others around you
are getting done.
92Answer Selection
- The BEST way to pick an answer choice is to
eliminate all of those that are wrong, until
theres only 1 left and youve confirmed its the
right choice. - Be careful of going with the first choice that
looks right. - Dont make a mistake due to rushing.
- READ THROUGH ALL THE CHOICES.
- Make sure theres not another choice thats
equally as obvious as the first you saw. - There are only 2 times you should stop before
checking other answers When you are positive
the answer youve selected is correct and when
time is almost out and you need to make a quick
guess.
93Check Your Work
- Make sure youve answered all the questions (on
the OGT answer document). - Get credit for everything that you know dont
miss questions due to careless mistakes. - If you have time, go back over the answer
selection a 2nd time to make sure youve selected
the BEST answer choice(s) and havent made a
silly error like marking something you didnt
mean to mark. - This quick check will be worth it!
94Beware of directly quoted answers.
- More than likely, the correct answer choice will
paraphrase or summarize a point and not use the
exact same wording. - Sometimes an answer choice will repeat word for
word a portion of the question or reference
section - BEWARE! IT COULD BE A TRAP.
95Slang
- Scientific/Scholarly sounding answers are better
choices than those that use slang. - Example
- An answer choice beginning with the words To
compare the outcomes is more likely to be
correct than one that starts Because some people
insisted
96Extreme Statements
- Avoid wild, out there answers.
- Avoid answer choices that have controversial
ideas presented as fact. - Choose calm, rational answer choice statements.
- Avoid choices that use definitive,
uncompromising, no-wiggle-room statements. - Choices that use hedge phrases give the answer
wiggle room and should be looked at as possible
correct answer choices.
97Answer Choice Families
- A family of answer choices is when 2 or 3 answer
choices are very similar in wording, yet they
often have the opposite meaning. - Example
- According the map, you can deduce that the
Republican candidate won the support of the
Southern states. - According the map, you can deduce that the
Democratic candidate won the support of the
Southern states. - Usually the correct answer choice will be in that
family of answer choices. - The odd one out answer choice or the one that
doesnt seem to fit the wording of the other
choices is more likely to be incorrect. - Example (This would be added with the ones in
the example above.) - Theres no way to tell from the map which party
won the Southern states.