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OGT SOCIAL STUDIES PREP Session 4

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Title: OGT SOCIAL STUDIES PREP Session 4


1
OGT SOCIAL STUDIES PREPSession 4
  • World War I
  • Between the Wars 1920s 1930s
  • World War II
  • Test Taking Tips Strategies

2
World War I
  • WWI had multiple causes effects, arising from
    militarism, imperialism, nationalism alliances.
  • The global scope of WWI increased the human costs
    of war.

3
World War I
  • New technologies practices use of poison
    mustard gas, trench warfare, machine guns,
    airplanes (for reconnaissance), submarines,
    tanks affected the outcome of the war
  • WWI was fought mostly in Europe the United
    States became one of the Allied Powers.

4
World War I
  • After the Treaty of Versailles ended WWI, the
    League of Nations as formed in an attempt to
    create a forum for peacefully solving disputes
    between nations.
  • The failure of President Woodrow Wilsons
    Fourteen Points for peace, along with the refusal
    of the United States to join the League of
    Nations, had far-reaching consequences

5
WWI Causes Imperialism(may also be
considered Expansion)
  • By the early 1900s, much of Asia and nearly all
    of Africa had been colonized by European nations.
  • Colonies provided raw materials and new markets
    for European manufacturing.
  • Desire to increase their empires led to
    competition and power struggles among European
    nations.

6
WWI Causes Militarism
  • The spread of nationalism in Europe led to a
    dangerous arms race, in which nations built up
    their armies ( navies, for some) to maintain
    equal strength with their neighbors.
  • Britain had the worlds strongest naval power.
  • Other European nations built up their navies to
    be able to compete with Britain.
  • By 1900, Germany had largest best-trained army
    in Europe
  • Draft increased the size of army during peacetime.

7
WWI Causes Alliances(Sshhh Some of them are
secret!)
  • Military agreements to protect the other in case
    of attack.
  • Long chains of allying countries formed.
  • Several countries could be drawn into conflict if
    one was attacked by one other.
  • Since many of the agreements were secret,
    attacking country may not know the consequences
    of their actions until it was too, late.

8
WWI Causes Alliances
  • Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary
  • Later joined by Bulgaria the Ottoman Empire
  • Allies Great Britain, France, and Russia
  • The United States (eventually) joined the side of
    the Allies.

9
WWI Causes - Nationalism
  • Feeling of pride and loyalty people have for
    their country or for other people who share a
    common history, language, or culture.
  • Swept the European continent during the 1800s.
  • Rise of nationalism led to minority groups to
    call for independence
  • Czechs and Slovaks in Austria-Hungary wished to
    form their own nation
  • Poles wanted an independent Poland had been
    divided by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia.

10
WWI Causes Nationalism
  • Bosnia area was part of the Austria-Hungary
    Empire, but many Serbs lived there.
  • Serbs and Serbia wanted Bosnia to be part of
    Serbia.
  • Black Hand Gavrilo Princip assassinated
    Archduke Francis Ferdinand heir to the
    Austria-Hungary throne.
  • THIS WAS THE SPARK THAT IGNITED ALL THE CAUSES TO
    EXPLODE INTO WWI.

11
WWI - Causes
  • The assassination of Francis Ferdinand (a sign of
    showing nationalism) sparked the alliances into
    action!
  • European nations were already heated with one
    another over imperialistic competition.
  • European nations were ready to go to war, due to
    their militarism efforts.
  • An assassination of one person, no matter what
    his position, should never be able to lead to
    WORLD WAR, but everything else was in place, and
    thus, World War I began.

12
Which term is defined largely by feelings of
intense patriotism?
  • Neutrality
  • Militarism
  • Nationalism
  • Imperialism

13
Which term is defined largely by feelings of
intense patriotism?
  • Neutrality
  • Militarism
  • Nationalism
  • Imperialism
  • If you said NATIONALISM, you would be CORRECT!

14
WWI Causes - Writing Response
  • Explain how the system of alliances that was
    formed in Europe before WWI caused most European
    nations to draw into the conflict.

15
Possible Answer
  • Alliances were formed between European nations.
  • Many of them were secret agreements.
  • An attack against one nation would be considered
    an attack against any of the nations in alliance
    with the nation that was attacked.
  • Attacking nations had alliances as well, and
    often didnt know who the country they attacked
    was in alliance with.
  • An attack against one nation could result in MANY
    nations going to war with one another as a matter
    of defending those in their alliance.

16
WWI Causes US Entering
  • Remember The United States tried to remain
    NEUTRAL not taking sides in the conflict when
    WWI began in Europe.
  • US was trading with both sides and benefitting
    financially.
  • Americans were divided among ethnic lines, due to
    common heritage Some favored the Central
    Powers some favored the Allied Powers.
  • America had long-standing ties with Britain (our
    fore-fathers were from there) and France (helped
    us in the Revolutionary War).

17
Why did the US enter WWI?
  • Germany used U-boats, submarines, to sink neutral
    ships going in and out of Britain.
  • They would attack without warning.
  • Wilson issued a warning to knock it off- OR ELSE.
  • Germany didnt want US to enter the war yet
    Sussex Pledge said they would give warning and
    investigate before sinking ships.

18
Why did the US enter WWI?
  • Germany sank the Lusitania a British passenger
    ship that had 128 Americans on board.
  • Zimmerman Note Germany offered Mexico help
    getting back lost lands (NM, TX, AZ, CA) if
    Mexico would declare war against the United
    States and, thus, join WWI on the side of the
    Central Powers.
  • This would make the US have to focus on Mexico
    and not be able to send all troops to Europe to
    help the Allied Powers.

19
Congress voted to declare war on Germany for
several reasons. Which of these did NOT
contribute to Congresss decision to declare war
on Germany?
  • The Zimmerman Note
  • Shared German ancestry
  • The sinking of the Lusitania
  • Germanys submarine warfare.

20
Congress voted to declare war on Germany for
several reasons. Which of these did NOT
contribute to Congresss decision to declare war
on Germany?
  • The Zimmerman Note
  • Shared German ancestry
  • The sinking of the Lusitania
  • Germanys submarine warfare.
  • If you said SHARED GERMAN ANCESTRY, you would be
    CORRECT!

21
Negotiations for Peace
  • Fourteen Points Peace plan developed by Wilson
  • Self-Determination Right of national groups to
    have their independence and own governments
    Countries formed around nationalities of people,
    rather than splitting national groups by borders.
  • End to secret agreements.
  • Free seas and trade
  • Disarmament (reducing of military force) of
    major powers.
  • Fair hearings on colonial claims giving
    colonized people an equal voice in decisions.

22
Negotiations for peace Fourteen Points
  • Formation of the League of Nations 14th Point
    to handle international disputes BEFORE they
    caused war.
  • Wilson pushed for Peace Without Victory
  • Wilson realized that if you punished Germany too,
    much they would want revenge later.
  • Britain, France, and other European countries
    wanted Germany to pay for starting the war.

23
Treaty of Versailles
  • Not signed by US Congress would not sign
    because the League of Nations would lead the US
    to become entangled in European affairs in the
    future.
  • German colonies in Africa and Asia were given to
    Britain, France, Japan, Australia, and New
    Zealand.
  • Poland was re-created taking land from Germany
    and Russia
  • Germany had to pay LARGE reparations.
  • Germany had to take full blame for the war.
  • Germany had to limit their military

24
Treaty of Versailles
  • Land Germany gained from Russia (Treaty of
    Brest-Litovsk) was made into Estonia, Latvia,
    Lithuania (Taken from Germany and not given back
    to Russia).
  • Austria-Hungary Empire Divided
  • Austria and Hungary became independent nations.
  • Italy Romania took some of the land that was
    once A-H
  • Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia were created
    Grouped together different ethnic groups major
    impact later in the 20th century.

25
Treaty of Versailles
  • Ottoman Empire broken up
  • Turkey, Greece, and Britain took over former
    Ottoman lands.

26
WWI - Costs
  • Central Powers were defeated, but destruction was
    felt on both sides.
  • Western Front much of France lay in ruins.
  • 30 nations involved
  • Nearly 8 million soldiers died.
  • 24 million soldiers wounded.
  • Many civilians were killed or wounded.
  • Total Dollar Amount Around 186 billion

27
Between the Wars 1920s 1930s In Europe (In
a nutshell)
  • Countries were rebuilding after WWI - Had to
    borrow money from other countries to rebuild,
    putting them even more in debt.
  • Bitter resentment built up from the Treaty of
    Versailles caused countries like Germany to want
    revenge.
  • When the Depression spread from the US to Europe,
    countries turned to dictatorial leaders to return
    them to their former glory. (No money makes
    people feel even worse THEY WANT ANSWERS HELP
    and NOW!)
  • Germany Hitler - Nazism
  • Italy Mussolini - Fascism
  • Spain Franco - Fascism
  • Russia Lenin - then Stalin - Communism
  • Japan Hirohito - Militarism

28
Between the Wars 1920s 1930s
  • Civil War (Russian Revolution) WWI left Russia
    in shambles New Communist regime under Lenin
    Sounded good at first, but after Lenin died,
    Stalin defeated rivals and became dictator and
    wanted to build a powerful industrial economy He
    killed his enemies and objectors by the 1000s.
  • Foreshadowing The Russian Revolution set the
    stage for the basic conflict of the 20th century
    Communism vs. Capitalism Russia vs. United
    States COLD WAR

29
Between the Wars 1920s 1930s
  • Colonial Rebellion in Asia the Middle East
  • All of SE Asia was taken over by European powers
    during the 19th century. But after WWI, Burma,
    Indochina (Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam) and Indonesia
    began to seek independence. The demand for
    self-rule would not lead to complete independence
    for several decades.

30
Between the Wars 1920s 1930s
  • British rule in India Mohandas Gandhi urged
    people to resist the government nonviolently.
  • After 15 years of resistance, the British
    government created the Government of India Act
    (1935) Britain remained in power, but Indians
    were given a voice in government and established
    provinces governed only by Indians.

31
Between the Wars 1920s 1930s
  • Nations in the Middle East had expected to become
    independent after WWI. They had been loyal to
    the Allies, providing much needed oil
  • Britain France established control of the
    oil-rich ME through the League of Nations.
  • Arab nations sought to gain independence from
    imperialist control.
  • 1922 British allowed an Arab prince to become
    king of Iraq North African nation of Egypt won
    independence
  • 1925 Iran was taken over by an army officer who
    became the shah (king)
  • 1932 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was established.

32
Effects of the Great Depression in Europe
  • Much like in the US Businesses closed. People
    were unable to pay loans. People were out of
    work. There were limited sources to obtain money.

33
Between the Wars The 1920s in the US
  • US entered the 1920s PROSPEROUS!
  • US was turning toward isolationism again, but had
    mutually acceptable trade relations with Latin
    American countries.
  • Industry was booming More consumer goods were
    available
  • Workers had more free time more time to spend
    money

34
Between the Wars The 1920s in the US
  • Middle class prosperity attributed to several
    factors Economy expanded, wages rose, work
    house decreased.
  • Farmers (for the most part) did not feel the
    upside of the roaring 20s.
  • They had mortgaged more land to produce the food
    needed for the war effort.
  • After the war was over, they had to cut back
  • Surpluses drove prices for farm goods down.

35
Between the Wars The 1920s in the US
  • Red Scare developed Fear of communist and
    anarchist take over because union membership
    grew and unions were strong.
  • Immigration Restriction Act (1924) growing
    distrust of immigrants Nativism increased in
    the US.
  • Reemergence of the Ku Klux Klan
  • Fear that African-Americans would demand more
    rights Many African-Americans fought in Europe
    for Europeans independence, yet they didnt
    enjoy the rights they fought for abroad at home.
  • African-Americans faced lynchings Race riots
    peaked after WWI.

36
Between the Wars The 1920s in the US
  • Great Migration Millions of African-Americans
    left the rural South for Northern and Western
    cities (NY, Chicago, Detroit, LA), due to
    mistreatment/Jim Crow laws in the South.
  • Harlem Renaissance and the Jazz Age
  • Centered in Harlem, NYC
  • Authors Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston,
    Countee Cullen, James Weldon Johnson, Jean Toomer
  • Jazz Musicians Louis Armstrong, Fletcher
    Henderson, Duke Ellington, Bessie Smith

37
Between the Wars The 1920s in the US
  • African-Americans put the US on the map,
    culturally, with Jazz.
  • Prior to the Jazz Age, most American music was
    borrowed from some place else.
  • Jazz combined blues, ragtime, New Orleans brass
    band music, and spiritual hymns.
  • It was a innovation! It spread throughout the US
    and into Europe and then the rest of the world!

38
Between the Wars The 1920s in the US
  • REPUBLICAN DECADE
  • Presidents (Pro business/Laissez-faire
    policies)
  • Warren Harding
  • Calvin Coolidge
  • Herbert Hoover
  • Amendments
  • 18th Prohibition
  • 19th Womens Suffrage (Right to vote)

39
Between the Wars The 1920s in the US
  • Stock Market Speculation Crash
  • Not all Americans enjoyed economic prosperity.
    African Americans had a much higher unemployment
    rate than other American groups. Many who lived
    in cities couldnt afford lifes basic
    necessities. Yet, many Americans prospered and
    the it seemed limitless!

40
Between the Wars The 1920s in the US
  • Economy had started to slow, but it wasnt
    realized until too, late. (Records were not kept
    regarding business sales, demand decreases, etc.
    as they are now.)
  • Banks were making risky/unwise loans to stock
    market investors.
  • Buying stock ON MARGIN Only had to put a
    portion of the cost of the stock down You could
    sell before paying it off Inflated the stock
    market.

41
Between the Wars The 1920s in the US
  • Stock market was riding the bubble, and on
    Wednesday, October 23, 1929, the bubble burst
    Next day Black Thursday.
  • Investors rushed to cash in their investments.
  • Stock prices fell
  • Panic fed itself People began withdrawing their
    money from banks.
  • Banks couldnt meet depositors demands and
    closed People lost their life savings.
  • Crash BLACK TUESDAY October 29, 1929.

42
Between the Wars The 1920s in the US
  • Hoover didnt do enough to help people after the
    crash.
  • He believed in the American system of rugged
    individualism. Basically, he believed that
    everything would work itself out and that the
    government shouldnt step in to fix something
    that was in the business realm.
  • He eventually established the Reconstruction
    Finance Corp to channel assistance to farmers and
    businesses in need, but it was too little, too
    late.

43
The Great Depression 1930s in the US
  • Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt easily beat
    Hoover in the election of 1932.
  • FDR immediately started working to fix the
    Depression He believed that the government
    should try anything If it didnt work, move on
    and try something else.
  • NEW DEAL FDRs plan to attack the Depression

44
The Great Depression 1930s in the US
  • New Deal outlined 3 main goals
  • Relief for the Jobless
  • Plans for Economic Recovery
  • Prevent Another Depression (Reform)
  • The New Deal enlarged the federal government
  • Created a slew of agencies organizations
  • Often called Alphabet Soup agencies.

45
The Great Depression 1930s in the US
  • Alphabet Soup lives on!
  • Social Security Administration
  • Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
    insures bank deposits
  • Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) regulates
    the stock market
  • National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) protects
    and regulates labor unions
  • Federal Housing Administration (FHA) offers loans
    insurance to homeowners

46
The Great Depression 1930s in the US
  • Cultural Environment
  • Artists and writers used the Depression as the
    backdrop/topic for their work and used their work
    for social commentary.
  • Works Progress Administration (WPA) put artists
    to work writing local folk lore, painting murals,
    putting on performances, etc.
  • Some famous works, which you may have heard War
    of the Worlds (radio broadcast), Snow White the
    Seven Dwarves, Gone With the Wind, The Grapes of
    Wrath

47
The Great Depression 1930s in the US
  • There is debate about how much good the New Deal
    did for the United States.
  • Critics would claim that the Federal Governments
    deficit spending (spending more than it takes in
    through taxes), putting the nation into debt.
  • The critics also believed that the New Deal was
    interfering too, much in peoples lives and was
    giving the federal government too, much power.

48
The Great Depression 1930s in the US
  • Supporters felt that the New Deal efforts gave
    the American people hope and provided them with
    money to be able to eat and survive.
  • Supporters also argued that it saved the nations
    democratic system, as the US was able NOT to turn
    to a dictatorial government, like many of the
    nations in Europe had/were done/doing.

49
The Great Depression 1930s in the US
  • Looking back (hindsight is 20/20) we can see that
    the New Deal did NOT end the Great Depression
  • World War II began in Europe in 1939, when Hitler
    invaded Poland, and the United States started
    producing for the war effort Thats what took
    the United States out of the Great Depression

50
WWII Its Important Points
  • WWII started in Europe with Germany invading its
    neighbors, and spread into the Pacific, with
    Japan conquering China and many Pacific Island
    nations.
  • The causes of WWII included a policy of
    appeasement toward Hitler, the expansion of the
    Axis powers and the actions of the Allies.

51
WWII Its Important Points
  • The US maintained an isolationist stance while
    helping its European allies until Japans attack
    on Pearl Harbor caused the US to enter the war.
  • As US soldiers went to war, Americans at home
    mobilized to support the war effort.
  • A tragic part of the war was the shameful
    internment of Japanese Americans (and others with
    Axis ancestry).

52
WWII Its Important Points
  • The United States emerged from WWII as one of the
    dominant powers in world affairs.
  • The end of WWII was quickly followed by the
    beginning of the Cold War.

53
World War II - Causes
  • Some are the same/similar to those of WWI
  • Nationalism
  • Imperialism Expansion (Appeasement of Germany
    added to this cause Continuing to sell Japan
    items needed for their war/military efforts added
    to this cause.)
  • Alliances
  • Militarism (Continuing to sell Japan items needed
    for their war/military efforts added to this
    cause.)
  • Some are different
  • Treaty of Versailles (Bitterness Resentment and
    consequences of such)
  • The Great Depression

54
World War II
  • Germany wanted to expand its territory and power
    in Europe.
  • March 1938 Marched into Austria and made it a
    province
  • British (Neville Chamberlain) believed it would
    be better to give Hitler what he wanted to avoid
    war --- APPEASEMENT.
  • September 1938 Hitler moved to take over the
    Sudetenland in Western Czechoslovakia Munich
    Conference Britain, France, Italy agreed to
    permit Hitler to take over the Sudetenland if he
    promised not to take the rest of Czechoslovakia.
    --- APPEASEMENT AGAIN!

55
World War II
  • Appeasement did not work!
  • Hitler began looking at Poland as a potential
    land to conquer Britain warned that it would
    defend Poland.
  • September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland
    Blitzkrieg Lightening War
  • 2 days later (September 3rd) Britain France
    declared war on Germany.

56
WWII Nazi-Soviet Pact
  • Before WWII began, Germany the Soviet Union
    signed a nonaggression pact Both agreed not to
    attack each other.
  • In June of 1941, Germany attacked the Soviet
    Union (Breaking the pact).
  • May have cost Germany the war.
  • Soviets now could attack Germany from the east.
  • Germany had to divide its troops to fight on both
    sides.

57
World War II
  • Americans maintained a policy of isolationism.
  • Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts
    forbidding the US to sell weapons or give help to
    countries at war.
  • Germany invaded France and threatened Britain.
  • FDR persuaded Congress to pass the Lend-Lease Act
    (1941) Allowed US to give American ships and
    supplies to Britain the Soviet Union FDR
    promised all measures short of war to help.
  • US had created an Arsenal of Democracy way to
    explain why we werent completely neutral or
    isolated.

58
World War II
  • Japan wanted to increase its holdings in the
    Pacific
  • Went to war with China (1937)
  • Britain US condemned Japans actions, but
    continued to sell machinery, oil, steel, and
    scrap metal to the Japanese
  • Japan had taken over French Dutch territories
    in the Pacific when WWII broke out in Europe.

59
World War II
  • When war began in Europe and the Japanese
    supported Germany and took over the French
    Dutch territories in Asia -- the U.S. cut off
    sales of oil and scrap metal to the Japanese
    (embargo) and began sending warships into Asian
    waters.
  • US and Japan tried to negotiate and talk things
    out
  • Talks were abruptly halted.

60
World War II
  • Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7,
    1941.
  • SURPRISE ATTACK!
  • Killed 2500 Americans
  • Sank or damaged 8 battleships
  • Destroyed 8 airplanes
  • Shocked the American public!
  • December 8, 1941 Congress declared war on
    Japan.
  • Germany Italy immediately declared war on the
    U.S.

61
WWII On the US Home Front
  • TOTAL WAR situation All resources organized for
    the war effort
  • Women worked in the factories (Rosie the Riveter
    posters) and served in the armed forces
    noncombat duties.
  • Draft extended to men ages 18-45
  • Factories made planes and tanks.
  • Farmers produced more to feed soldiers overseas
    and civilians at home.
  • Rationing recycling employed.

62
WWII On the US Home Front
  • Americans were worried about enemy spies.
  • Discrimination against German, Italian, and
    Japanese Americans was prevalent.
  • Japanese-Americans were put into relocation
    (internment) camps for fear that they would aid
    the enemy.
  • In 1988, Congress awarded (surviving)
    Japanese-Americans who had been interned 20,000
    as an official apology from the federal
    government.

63
World War II
  • War fought on two fronts, or in two different
    theaters.
  • WWII Theaters of War
  • European Theater
  • Pacific Theater

64
World War II
  • At first, the US concentrated its efforts in the
    Pacific in Italy/North Africa.
  • The US (Dwight Eisenhower) in charge of D-Day
    invasion (Operation Overlord)
  • Largest seaborne operation in military history.
  • More than 140,000 soldiers (American, British,
    Canadian) stormed the beaches of Normandy France
    on June 6, 1944
  • This effort eventually allowed the Allies to push
    the Germans back across Europe from the west,
    while the Soviets (Russians) were crushing from
    the east.

65
World War II
  • Eventually, the Allied forces met in Torgau,
    south of Berlin.
  • They stormed into Berlin.
  • Hitler committed suicide and the Allies captured
    Berlin.
  • VE Day (Victory in Europe Day) May 8, 1945

66
World War II
  • US used island hopping strategy and the help of
    the Navajo Code Talkers in the Pacific.
  • Conquered islands one by one on the way to main
    land Japan.
  • Navajo (Native American) soldiers were able to
    talk in their native language to give
    directions/orders to pilots.
  • The enemy couldnt understand them.
  • June 1942 Americans broke Japans secret
    communication codes Won Battle of Midway

67
WWII US involvement
  • FDR died (April 1945) Truman takes over.
  • Truman learns of secret new weapon Manhattan
    Project atomic bomb
  • Bomb tested in July of 1945
  • Allied leaders meet in Potsdam Germany
  • Truman issues warning to Japan Surrender or
    face prompt and utter destruction.
  • Japan ignores warning (Potsdam Declaration)
  • US drops atomic bombs on Japan
  • August 6, 1945 Hiroshima
  • August 9, 1945 - Nagasaki

68
World War II General Timeline
  • 1941
  • December 7 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor
  • 1942
  • June- US defeats Japan at the Battle of Midway
  • Nov 8 Allied army invades North Africa
  • 1943
  • February German forces in Stalingrad surrender
    to the Soviet Red Army
  • July 10 Allied army invades Italy

69
World War II General Timeline
  • 1944
  • June 6 D-Day Allied army invades
    German-occupied France
  • October US Navy destroys Japanese naval forces
    at Leyte Gulf
  • December Battle of the Bulge begins Germans
    make strong stand before being defeated in
    January 1945.

70
World War II General Timeline
  • 1945
  • January Allies win Battle of the Bulge
  • (In 1945 not exact date)
  • Concentration camps are discovered (Examples
    Auschwitz Dachau)
  • April 12 FDR dies Harry Truman becomes
    President
  • May 8 V-E Day Germany surrenders War ends in
    Europe

71
World War II General Timeline
  • 1945 (Continued)
  • August 6 9 US drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima
    and Nagasaki
  • August 14 Japan agrees to surrender
  • September 2
  • V-J Day (Victory in Japan Day) Japan officially
    surrenders aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay

72
WWII Impact Aftermath
  • Estimated deaths 13 million soldiers
  • 23 million soldiers wounded
  • 75 million people world wide may have died.
  • Millions lost their homes possessions became
    refugees
  • Much of Europe Japan destroyed
  • Europes economy ruined millions in poverty

73
WWII Impact Aftermath
  • Estimated 6 million Jews died in concentration
    camps in Germany Poland THE HOLOCAUST
  • Nuremberg Trials Leaders of Germany Japan put
    on trial
  • 12 sentenced to death
  • Hideki Tojo Japanese General who ordered attack
    on Pearl Harbor - executed

74
WWII Impact Aftermath
  • Stronger sense of nationalism throughout the
    world increased
  • Colonies in Africa Asia demanded independence
    from European rule.
  • British granted India independence
  • French were forced out of SE Asia
  • Other European colonies in Africa Asia received
    their independence

75
WWII Impact Aftermath
  • Soviet Union and United States emerged from WWII
    as the worlds 2 most powerful nations.
  • Soviets refused to remove armies from Eastern
    Europe after the war.
  • Soon cut off all contact between Eastern Europe
    and the West.
  • Intense rivalry developed between democratic
    nations (led by the US) and Communist nations
    (led by the Soviet Union)
  • COLD WAR BEGINS!

76
WWII Impact Aftermath
  • UNITED NATIONS FORMED
  • Because of the terrible destructiveness of WWII,
    the Allies were determined to keep the postwar
    world at peace and to prevent the rise of
    powerful, warlike dictatorships. The US, along
    with Soviet Union, Great Britain, France and
    China, took the lead in establishing the UN.
  • Originally 50 member nations. (Today- 191)
  • Japan not allowed to become a
  • member until 1953 (punishment) Italy
  • had to wait until 1955 Germany 1973.

77
Establishment of Israel
  • Both Palestinian Arabs Jews lived together in
    the region in the Middle East known as Palestine
    for 100s of years.
  • Jerusalem Holy to Muslims, Jews, Christians
  • After WWI, Britain was put in charge of
    Palestine.
  • British had promised to support a Jewish homeland
    in Palestine, much to the dismay of Arabs in the
    region wanted Palestine to be part of a new
    Arab state.

78
Establishment of Israel
  • Fighting between Jews Arabs broke out in the
    region following WWII.
  • British handed over the problem to the UN in
    1947.
  • UN chose to divide Palestine into Jewish and Arab
    regions, but Arab nations opposed the idea.
  • 1948 Jewish residents of Palestine proclaimed
    the state of Israel.

79
Establishment of Israel
  • Combined army (Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon,
    Iraq) invaded Israel, but was crushed by the
    Israeli army.
  • The US immediately recognized Israel as a nation.
  • Arab nations in the region did NOT.
  • The conflict ensued!
  • (More about the Israeli-Arab-Palestinian conflict
    when we talk about The Cold War and Post-Cold War
    Era.)

80
Test Taking Tips Strategies
  • This is a continuation of Test Taking Tips and
    Strategies that have been presented in Sessions
    1-3.
  • To be sure youve got all of the strategies,
    refer to the past OGT Social Studies Prep
    PowerPoint presentations
  • OGT Social Studies Prep PowerPoints can be found
    on Ms. Es web page www.copley-fairlawn.org/estr
    ight

81
Face Value
  • When in doubt, use common sense.
  • Accept the situation in the problem at face
    value
  • DONT READ TOO MUCH INTO IT!
  • These problems will not require you to make huge
    leaps of logic.
  • If you have to go beyond creativity and make a
    leap of logic in order to have an answer choice
    answer the question LOOK AT THE OTHER CHOICES!

82
Face Value (Continued)
  • Dont overcomplicate the problem by creating
    relationships or explanations that dont exist.
  • These are normal problems rooted in REALITY
    so dont what if or it would, if!
  • Applicable relationships or explanations may not
    be readily apparent
  • You just have to figure things out.
  • Use your common sense to interpret anything that
    is not clear.

83
Prefixes Suffixes
  • If youre having trouble with a word in the
    question or answer choice, try breaking it
    down/dissecting it.
  • Take advantage of EVERY CLUE that the word might
    include.
  • Prefixes suffixes can be a big help they
    usually allow you to determine basic meaning.
  • Examples Pre Before Post After Pro
    Positive De Negative

84
Prefixes Suffixes (Continued)
  • From prefixes suffixes, you can get an idea of
    the general meaning of a word.
  • Try to put it in context.
  • Beware of any traps.
  • Example Just because CON is the opposite of PRO
    does NOT mean that CONgress is the opposite of
    PROgress.

85
Hedge Phrases(Watch out for them!)
  • Hedge Phrases are phrases such as likely, may,
    can, will often, sometimes, almost, mostly,
    usually, generally, rarely, and sometimes.
  • They are inserted to cover every possibility.
  • Often an answer choice will be wrong simply
    because it leaves no room for exception.
  • Avoid answer choices that have DEFINITIVE WORDS
    like exactly and always.

86
Switchback Words(Stay alert for them!)
  • Switchbacks are words and phrases frequently used
    to alert you to SHIFTS OF THOUGHT.
  • The most common switchback word is BUT.
  • Others Although, however, nevertheless, on the
    other hand, even though, while, in spite of,
    despite, regardless of

87
New Information
  • CORRECT ANSWER CHOICES will rarely have
    completely new information included.
  • Answer choices are typically straightforward
    reflections of the material asked about and will
    directly relate to the question.
  • If a new piece of information is included in an
    answer choice that doesnt even seem to relate to
    the topic being asked, the answer choice is
    probably INCORRECT.
  • All of the information needed to answer the
    question is usually provided for you.
  • You should not have to make guesses that are
    unsupported.
  • You should not have to choose answer choices that
    require unknown information that cannot be
    reasoned on its own.

88
Time Management
  • Dont get lost on technical terms.
  • Dont spend too much time on any one question
    (Within reason An extended response will likely
    take you longer than a multiple choice question
    and ITLL BE WORTH MORE POINTS!)
  • You cant use a dictionary, so if you dont know
    what a term means, odds are you arent going much
    further with that!
  • You should immediately recognize terms as those
    you know and those you dont know.
  • If you dont know a term, work with the other
    clues you have and the other answer choices and
    terms provided Then move on.

89
Contextual Clues(Look for them!)
  • Contextual Clues will help you find the answer
    that is MOST right and IS CORRECT.
  • An answer can be right, but NOT correct.
  • Understand the context in which a phrase or
    statement is made.
  • This will help you make distinctions that are
    important for choosing the right answer choice.

90
DONT PANIC!Panicking will NOT answer questions
for you.
  • If your mind goes blank when seeing a question,
    TAKE A DEEP BREATH!
  • Force yourself to go through the question STEP BY
    STEP.
  • Mechanically go through the steps of
    answering/solving the problem/question using the
    strategies that you know and have learned.

91
Pace Yourself
  • Dont be a clock watcher.
  • Stay calm
  • Maintain a pace YOUve set for YOURself.
  • When you get towards the end of testing time,
    dont freak out!
  • Remember you wont have as much of the test left
    at that point, so youre right on track!
  • Take the remaining time provided if needed.
  • Dont worry about how quickly others around you
    are getting done.

92
Answer Selection
  • The BEST way to pick an answer choice is to
    eliminate all of those that are wrong, until
    theres only 1 left and youve confirmed its the
    right choice.
  • Be careful of going with the first choice that
    looks right.
  • Dont make a mistake due to rushing.
  • READ THROUGH ALL THE CHOICES.
  • Make sure theres not another choice thats
    equally as obvious as the first you saw.
  • There are only 2 times you should stop before
    checking other answers When you are positive
    the answer youve selected is correct and when
    time is almost out and you need to make a quick
    guess.

93
Check Your Work
  • Make sure youve answered all the questions (on
    the OGT answer document).
  • Get credit for everything that you know dont
    miss questions due to careless mistakes.
  • If you have time, go back over the answer
    selection a 2nd time to make sure youve selected
    the BEST answer choice(s) and havent made a
    silly error like marking something you didnt
    mean to mark.
  • This quick check will be worth it!

94
Beware of directly quoted answers.
  • More than likely, the correct answer choice will
    paraphrase or summarize a point and not use the
    exact same wording.
  • Sometimes an answer choice will repeat word for
    word a portion of the question or reference
    section
  • BEWARE! IT COULD BE A TRAP.

95
Slang
  • Scientific/Scholarly sounding answers are better
    choices than those that use slang.
  • Example
  • An answer choice beginning with the words To
    compare the outcomes is more likely to be
    correct than one that starts Because some people
    insisted

96
Extreme Statements
  • Avoid wild, out there answers.
  • Avoid answer choices that have controversial
    ideas presented as fact.
  • Choose calm, rational answer choice statements.
  • Avoid choices that use definitive,
    uncompromising, no-wiggle-room statements.
  • Choices that use hedge phrases give the answer
    wiggle room and should be looked at as possible
    correct answer choices.

97
Answer Choice Families
  • A family of answer choices is when 2 or 3 answer
    choices are very similar in wording, yet they
    often have the opposite meaning.
  • Example
  • According the map, you can deduce that the
    Republican candidate won the support of the
    Southern states.
  • According the map, you can deduce that the
    Democratic candidate won the support of the
    Southern states.
  • Usually the correct answer choice will be in that
    family of answer choices.
  • The odd one out answer choice or the one that
    doesnt seem to fit the wording of the other
    choices is more likely to be incorrect.
  • Example (This would be added with the ones in
    the example above.)
  • Theres no way to tell from the map which party
    won the Southern states.
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