Foreign Policy in the Early 1960s

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Chapter 18

• Section 3
• Foreign Policy in the Early 1960s

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Bell Ringer (on notes)

• Think about how the
• United States purses
• relationships with other
• countries. Create a list
• of what you think
• should be our foreign
• policy goals.

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Bay of pigs invasion

• The failed
• invasion of Cuba
• by a group of
• Anti-Castro forces
• In 1961.

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Berlin Wall

• Barrier built by the East German government in
  1961, to prevent East Germans from escaping to
  West Berlin.

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Cuban missile crisis

• 1962 crisis that arose between the United States
  and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to
  deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba.

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Limited test ban treaty

• Treaty signed in 1963, in which the US and Soviet
  Union agreed not to test nuclear weapons above
  ground.

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Alliance for progress

• President Kennedy's proposal for cooperation
  among nations of the Western Hemisphere to meet
  the basic needs of people.

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Peace corps

• Federal program established to send volunteers to
  help developing nations around the world.

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Main Idea

• President Kennedy acted boldly in response to a
  series of dramatic cold war crises in Cuba and
  Berlin. Johnson continued many of Kennedys
  foreign policies.

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Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well
or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any
burden, meet any hardship, support any friend,
oppose any foe to assure the survival and the
success of liberty.
John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address
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Foreign policy problem 1

• Bay of Pigs Invasion

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The bay of pigs invasion

• The US backed dictator Fulgencio Batista was
  overthrown by revolutionary Fidel Castro in 1959

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• America broke off diplomatic relations with Cuba
  after Castro seized American owned property in
  Cuba.

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• Cuba began to develop relations with the Soviet
  Union
• The US feared that this would bring rebellion
  throughout Latin America.

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• Under Eisenhower, the CIA planned to train Cuban
  opponents of Castro in Guatemala. After the
  training was complete, they would invade Cuba and
  overthrow Castro.

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• Although Kennedy faced resistance about the
  mission, he decided to go ahead and in 1961 they
  invasion took place.

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Bay of pigs invasion

• The Invasion
• (535 minutes)

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What was the outcome of the Bay of pigs invasion?

• United States participation in the invasion was
  exposed to the world
• Latin American countries were angered that the US
  violated non-interference agreements
• European leaders were concerned about Kennedys
  leadership

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Foreign policy problem 2

• Construction of the Berlin Wall

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The Berlin crisis

• After WWII, Germany was divided among the United
  States, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet
  Union.
• The capital city of Berlin was divided as well.
• West Berlin (West Germany) was controlled by the
  Allies US, Britain, and France
• East Berlin (East Germany) was controlled by the
  Soviets.

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• The Soviets failed to cut off access to Berlin in
  1948 (Berlin Airlift prevented it).
• In 1961, Soviets demanded a treaty that would
  permanently divide the city.

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• Kennedy met with Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna,
  Austria to discuss the proposal.
• The Soviets made a public ultimatum and Kennedy
  felt bullied.

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• Kennedy increased defense spending, the number of
  men drafted and built fallout shelters across the
  country in case of nuclear war.

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What was the Soviet response to the US military
buildup?

• To build the Berlin Wall in August 1961.

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The Berlin wall

• Construction
• (223 minutes)

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Foreign policy problem 3

• The Cuban Missile Crisis

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The Cuban missile crisis

• October 16, 1962, an American spy plane
  photographed the Soviets building missile bases
  on Cuba.
• Although this didnt change the nuclear threat as
  the Soviets could already bomb the US, Kennedy
  needed to respond.

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• Kennedy ordered the US forces at full alert.
• Bombers and missiles were armed with nuclear
  weapons.
• The fleet was ready to move.
• Soldiers were prepared to invade Cuba.

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• Kennedy addressed the nation and told the Soviets
  to remove the missiles form Cuba.
• He authorized a naval quarantine around Cuba
• The purpose was to stop the Soviets from bringing
  more missiles to Cuba.

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• Timeline of events
• October 24, 1962 - the quarantine went into
  effect.
• October 25, 1962 - a Soviet ship crossed the
  line.
• It was only an oil tanker and was allowed to
  proceed.
• Several other Soviet ships were heading to Cuba,
  but suddenly turned back.

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• October 26, 1962 Khrushchev sent a letter to
  Kennedy asking him to end the quarantine. If he
  did, the Soviets would remove their missiles.

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• October 27, 1962 Khrushchev sent a second
  letter to Kennedy demanding the US to remove its
  missiles from Turkey in exchange for the removal
  of Soviet missiles from Cuba.

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• The US accepted the terms of the first letter and
  ignored the second.
• The two countries were never so close to nuclear
  war and havent been that close since.

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Cuban missile crisis

• On the Brink of Nuclear War
• (530 minutes)

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What happened because of the Cuban missile crisis?

• Outcomes
• A hot line was established between the two
  countries so that they could discuss issues at a
  moments notice.
• The Limited Test Ban Treaty was signed in the
  summer of 1963, which eliminated above ground
  testing of nuclear weapons.

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The alliance for progress

• Kennedys Plan
• It included cooperation
• among nations of the
• Western Hemisphere to meet the
• basic needs of people shelter,
• work, land, health, and schools.
• To encourage developing nations
• to ally themselves with the
• democratic countries of the
• West.

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• He pledged 20 billion to support the work of the
  Alliance.
• Latin countries believed he was simply trying to
  stop the spread of communism and therefore it
  didnt live up to expectations.

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Peace corps

• Established in 1961
• Federal program established to send volunteers to
  help developing nations around the world.
• They work as educators, health workers, and
  technicians.

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Johnsons foreign policy

• When Johnson became President, he had his own
  foreign policy problems.
• They included threats of the spread of communism
  in Latin America and Asia.

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Johnsons foreign policy

• The Dominican Republic
• The island was attacked by rebels.
• Johnson believed Communists were the cause.
• He sent 22,000 marines to the island

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• Their presence tipped the balance away from the
  rebels.
• The provisional government backed by the US was
  installed and elections were held the next year.

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• Vietnam
• There was an on-going conflict in Southeast Asia
  between the Communistic North Vietnam and
  non-Communist South Vietnam.
• By 1963, 16,000 military advisors were already in
  South Vietnam.
• The US was providing aid to them as well.

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• In the 1964 election, Johnson opposed more direct
  involvement.
• By 1965, he could no longer wait and the US
  became more involved in propping up the South
  Vietnamese government with troops and money.