Creating a

1
Creating a New Europe

• The End of World War I

2
Treaty of Versailles

• Allies made separate peace treaties with each of
  the 5 Central Powers
• Nations included
• Germany
• Austria
• Hungary
• Bulgaria
• Ottoman Empire

3
Treaty of Versailles Cont.

• Signed at Palace of Versailles, near Paris
• New German leaders forced to sign
• Treaty was bitter to Germany
• Germany alone started the war and pay reparations
• Treaty did not specify total amount of reparations

4
Germans at Versailles

• Germany had no choice but to sign in June 1919.
• Treaty provided for formation of League of
  Nations
• Made numerous territorial adjustments and placed
  restrictions on Germany

5
Loss of Territory

• Germans lost land in North, West, and Eastern
  borders
• Lost overseas colonies
• Alsace and Lorraine returned to France
• No fortifications in the Rhineland, Allied
  occupation here
• Saar Valley coal used for reparations to France

6
German Losses at Versailles

• Poland restored as independent nation
• Germans abolish conscription
• No more than 100,000 soldiers
• No heavy tanks, artillery, planes, gas,
  submarines
• Small number of warships
• Allies lacked enforcement of these

7
Austro-Hungarian Territories

• Nation split as war ended
• Separate peace treaties with Allies
• Lost territory
• Austrians starved due to lack of food

8
Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire

• Lost territories
• Dardanelles controlled by international
  commission
• Several New States
• Palestine
• Trans-Jordan
• Syria
• Iraq

9
New Nations in Europe

• 4 Independent Nations from Russia
• Finland
• Estonia
• Latvia
• Lithuania

10
Dissatisfied Minorities

• National Self-Determination didnt happen for
  every ethnic group
• Many ethnic groups lived under unfamiliar borders
  after the war
• These minorities were unhappy and had problems
• Armenians, Kurds

11
The League of Nations

• President Wilson compromised on 14 Points
• Treaties failed to create Peace of Justice
• United States did not ratify League of Nations

12
Organization of the League

• 2 Main Aims
• To promote international cooperation
• To maintain peace by settling disputes
• World Court established
• League included all sovereign European
• Nations

13
Maintaining Peace

• Members agreed not to resort to war
• Promised to follow World Court
• Penalties for breaking League agreements
• Economic Sanctions
• No diplomatic relations
• Military force last result

14
League Mandates

• Mandates are designated areas to be
  administered
• Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, or Japan
  got German territory

15
Start of the League

• U.S. never a member
• U.S. fearful of entangling alliances overseas
• Fear of another bloody war
• Commitments of Peacekeeping
• U.S. signed separate treaty with Germany

16
League Nations

• 42 members at first meeting in Geneva,
  Switzerland in Nov. 1920
• Germany joined 1926
• Russia 1934
• 59 countries eventually joined