Atoms and Bonding

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Atoms and Bonding
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Composition of the Sun
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Composition of the Sun

• Abundance of Light Elements
• Rarity of Lithium, Beryllium, Boron
• Preference for Even Numbers
• Abundance peak at Iron, trailing off after

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How Elements Form in Stars

• Sun 4 H ? He
• He particle ? Mass 5 Unstable
• He He ? Mass 8 Unstable
• He He He ? C
• Add more He to make heavier elements
• End of the line is iron for energy production
• Atoms beyond Iron made in massive stars

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What are Planets Made of?

• Same material as Sun
• Minus the elements that remain mostly in gases
• We find this pattern in a certain class of
  meteorites (Carbonaceous Chondrites)

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Chondrites
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The Earths Crust looks Very Different
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Composition of the Crust
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Minerals are the Chemicals that make up the Earth

• Naturally-occurring
• Inorganic
• Chemical Compounds
• About 3000 Known
• 200 Common
• 20 Rock-forming

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Atomic Bonding

• 1. Ions

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Atomic Bonding

• 2. Electrical Neutrality
• () and (-) Cancel Out
• 3. Bonding (Satisfy 1 2)
• Ionic (NaCl)
• Covalent (O2)
• Metallic (Cu, Al, Fe)
• Hydrogen (in water)

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Ionic and Covalent Bonding
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Metallic Bonding
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Hydrogen Bonding
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Summary of Bonding

• Ionic bonding holds rocks and minerals together
• Covalent bonding holds people and other organisms
  together
• Metallic bonding holds civilization together
• Hydrogen bonding gives water its heat-retaining
  and solvent properties

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4. Lattices

• Atoms in crystals form a repeating pattern called
  a Lattice

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5. Complex Anions

• Many minerals contain groups of atoms that behave
  as single units

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What Do Atoms Really Look Like?
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Standing Waves
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Standing Waves

• The wave is everywhere in the tank, all the time
• The negative portions are just as real as the
  positive portions
• Other waves could be present in the same space at
  the same time

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s-orbitals (Lithium and Beryllium)
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p-orbitals
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Boron, Carbon, Nitrogen
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1s2s2p3s Sodium, Calcium
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Carbon and Silicon
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1s2s2p3s3p Phosphorus through Argon
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Hybrid Orbitals Carbon