ISLAM

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ISLAM
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Word Origin

• The word Islam comes from the verb salaama, or
  to submit.
• It means submission to the rule and law of Allah,
  the God in Islamic faith.
• The word Muslim means a follower of Islam, and
  is derived from the present participle of the
  same verb that the word Islam is derived from.

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ALLAH

• The Arabic word for god, or the Supreme Being, is
  Allah.
• Allah is one god, as opposed to the Trinitarian
  God of the Christian religion.
• Arabic Christians also use this word to refer to
  the Christian God.
• Muslims view Allah as the same God worshiped by
  Christians and Jews.

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Mohammed and THE Qur'an

• Mohammed was a well-respected but illiterate man
  born in 570CE.
• The religion of Islam is said to have been
  conveyed to the prophet Mohammed by Allah through
  the angel Gabriel.
• Mohammed wrote these revelations into the Quran
  (Koran). The Koran is the holy text of Islam.
• Mohammed is one of many prophets recognized by
  the Koran, including Noah, Abraham, Ishmael,
  Isaac, Moses, and Jesus, there are 28 pre-Islamic
  prophets mentioned in the Koran.

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MOHAMMED AND THE QUR'AN

• The Koran was related, in the Arabic language, to
  Mohammed over 23 years.
• The Koran is divided into 114 chapters called
  Surhas and over 6000 verses.
• According to Islamic faith, Gods message was
  conveyed
• to earlier prophets, but his word was
• Later corrupted.
• The Koran is the true word of Allah.
• Muslim accept the Christian bible and
• the Hebrew Bible as holy, but the
• ultimate message of God is though
• to be undistorted in the Koran.

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FOLLOWERS OF ISLAM

• There are over 1 billion Muslims in the world,
  making Islam the second largest religion after
  Christianity.
• Muslims are found in high concentrations in the
  Middle East, the former Soviet Union, North
  Africa, China, India, and the Phillipines.

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FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM
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Profession of Faith (shahada)

• This profession should be a public and truthful
  acceptance to Allah as the one and only God, as
  well as accepting Mohammed as his messenger.
• In English
• I bear witness that there is no God but Allah
  and I bear witness that Muhammad is his
  Messenger.
• In Arabic
• Ashhadu Alla Illa Allah Wa Ashhadu Anna Muhammad
  Rasulu Allah

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Prayer (Salah)

• Muslims are expected to perform five daily
  prayers in addition to other prayers on Friday at
  noon, during funerals and optional prayers at
  other times.
• All adults of sound mind are expected to pray the
  five daily prayers with the exception of women
  during menstruation or childbirth.
• The five daily prayers are at early morning,
  noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and in the evening.
• Prayer can be performed at a Mosque, but it is
  not obligatory except on Friday for the noon
  prayer.

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CHARITY (ALMSGIVING OR ZAKAT)

• Muslims show their devotion to God by giving to
  the poor
• The Koran teaches that charity is important.
  There are two kinds Voluntary charity (sadaqa)
  and the zakat which is a religious obligation.
• In some cases this translates to a tax of
  approximately 2.5 percent of a persons wealth.
  This tax is required in some countries and is
  above and beyond any normal income tax. The
  beneficiaries of the tax are the poor, new Muslim
  converts, those in debt, and scholars promoting
  Islam.
• The purpose of this obligatory charity is to
  purify it purifies the giver from greed and
  selfishness and recipient from envy.

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FASTING (SAWM)

• Fasting is a sign of devotion and discipline.
• It is required of all adult men and women with
  exceptions for the sick, traveling, and women
  during menstruation and childbearing.
• Fasting takes place during various days
  throughout the year, but is also observed during
  the holy month of Ramadan.
• Ramadan is the ninth month in the Islamic
  calendar and is believed to be sacred because the
  first revelation of the Koran occurred during
  Ramadan.

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Pilgramage (hajj)

• Muslims with the physical and financial means
  are supposed to make a pilgrimage to Islams most
  holy city, Mecca, the birthplace of the prophet
  Mohammed.
• There are detailed rituals that are usually
  followed in the 12th month of the Islamic
  calendar when the Hajj takes place.
• In Mecca, there is a huge ritual that takes place
  and gathers millions of people annually.

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THE SACRED CITIES

• MECCA
• The birthplace of the prophet Mohammed and the
  destination of the obligatory pilgrimage.

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THE SACRED CITIES

• MEDINA
• The city Mohammed moved to after being expelled
  from Mecca.
• The tomb of Mohammed is located here.

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THE SACRED CITIES

• JERUSALEM
• A sacred city long before Islam, it was a place
  that continued to be sacred in Mohammeds time
• The Dome of the Rock, a sacred shrine, is located
  in Jerusalem.

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FIVE ARTICLES OF FAITH
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ALLAH

• God created humankind as his regents for the
  earth, to fulfill his plan for creation.
• Muslims believe that Adam and Eve descended from
  Paradise to the earth for this reason, and that
  it was an honor.

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ANGELS

• The angel Gabriel is said to have transmitted to
  Mohammed the Koran.
• Angels were created from light.
• Angels perform no bodily functions (eating, for
  instance).
• Angels are incapable of committing sin or
  disobeying god.
• They serve as guardians and the link between God
  and humanity.
• Humans are seen as superior in some ways to
  angels.
• The devil, Al Shaytan, is either a fallen angel
  or jinn creatures between angels and men that
  can be good or evil.
• Each person has two recording angels one
  records the good deeds and one records the bad.

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SCRIPTURES

• There are four holy or inspired books recognized
  by Islam
• The Torah of Moses.
• The psalms of David
• The Gospel of Jesus
• The Koran
• The first three books are believed to have been
  corrupted from their original form by Jews and
  Christians.
• Since the Koran is the most recent and
  uncorrupted text, it is the final authority of
  Allahs word.

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PROPHETS

• The six greatest prophets are Adam, Noah,
  Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Mohammed.
• Mohammed is considered the last messenger and the
  greatest prophet.

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JUDGEMENT DAY

• Muslims believe that there will be a final day
  where God will pass judgment on each person,
  based on the books kept by their recording
  angels.
• Some will be sent to Paradise, others condemned
  to Hell.

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PREDESTINATION

• Muslims do not believe in original sin the
  belief that humans are born with sin passed down
  from their parents.
• Muslims do believe in predestination the ideas
  that all good or evil stems from Gods will.

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Stories of Koran

• Judgment Day described in the Koran
• The Clatterer! What is the Clatterer?
• And what shall teach thee what is the Clatterer?
• The day that men shall be like scattered moths.
• And the mountains shall be like plucked
  wool-tufts.
• Then he whose deeds weigh heavy in the Balance
• Shall inherit a pleasing life.
• But he whose deeds weigh light in the Balance
• Shall plunge in the womb of the Pit.
• And what shall teach thee what is the Pit?
• A blazing Fire!

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Stories of Koran

• Satan and Man
• And (remember) when We said to the angels
  Prostrate yourselves
• before Adam. And they prostrated except Iblis
  (Satan), he refused
• and was proud and was one of the disbelievers
  (disobedient to Allah).
• And we said. O Adam! Dwell you and you wife
  in the Paradise and
• eat both of you freely with pleasure and
  delight, of things therein as
• wherever you will, but come not near this tree
  or you both will be of
• the Zalimun (wrong-doers).
• Then the Shaitan (Satan) made them slip
  therefrom (the Paradise),
• and got them out from that in which they were.
  We said Get you down,
• all, will enmity between yourselves. On earth
  will be a dwelling place
• for you and an enjoyment for a time.

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THE BEGINNING OF ISLAM
Mohammed

• Born in Mecca to the prominent Quraysh tribe in
  570.
• Around 610 he had a vision of the angel Gabriel
  who told him that he was a prophet of God.
• When Mohammed started teaching Islam and started
  converting people to Islam, Meccas elite started
  threatening him.
• In 622 Mohammed and his followers left Mecca for
  Yathrib (Medina) in the migration known as Hayra
  (the beginning date of the Muslim calendar)
  Mohammed had been invited to arbitrate disputes
  among Medinian clan leaders in return for his
  acceptance as the prophet of Islam.

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• Once established in Medina, Mohammed set about
  taking back Mecca by disrupting trade caravans.
• The Medians, under the leadership of Mohammed,
  fought the Meccan forces off and on until 630,
  when Mohammed captured Mecca after amassing a
  large army.
• By his death in 632, he had united the Arabian
  Peninsula under Islam.

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AFTER MOHAMMED

• He was succeeded by Abu Bakr who was the 1st
  caliph.
• The first four caliphs were called al-Rashidun
  the rightly guided caliphs.
• Most of Bakrs reign was spent putting down local
  rebeliions against Islam ( Wars of Apostasy or
  Riddah Wars) because many tribes didnt want to
  pay the zakat.
• These wars established Medinas authority
• over Arabia (ummah the community of
• Islam Arabia)

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Umar ibn al-Khuttab (Umar I)

• Father of Mohammeds 3rd wife.
• Title of amir-al-amin (Commander of the
  bleievers).
• 638 Jeruslalem fell to the Muslims (3rd most
  important Muslim city)
• Internally, Umar began the custom of asmars to
  protect soldiers and the conquered (sometimes
  this involved the creation of a whole town Al
  Kufah, Al Basrah.
• Also started the Diwan, the register of Muslim
• soldiers to determine the distribution of
• plundered fortune done by order of
• acceptance to Islam, relationship to
• Mohammed, and service.

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Uthman ibn affan

• Son-in-law of Mohammed.
• He had a standardized test for Islam created and
  all other copies of the Koran were burned.
• Eroded his popular support through nepotism
  favoring member of his own clan for positions.

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ALI

• Son in law of Mohammed given the caliphate but
  ran into troubles from Aisha (Mohammeds wife)
  who felt he had been given it unjustly.
• In 656 he clashed with Aishaa army near Al
  Basrah considered the first battle of the
  Islamic Civil War (656-661) fitnah (trial)
• Ali was also challenged by Muawiyah, the governor
  of Syria Ali engaged Mua, at Stiffen in
  Northern Syria in 657 both sides agreed to
  arbitration on the issue of whether Uthmans
  mistakes caused his death or he had been unjustly
  killed.

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• In 658 when the verdict went against Ali, he
  refused to abide by it.
• His followers soon deserted (Kharijites) him in
  large numbers because he had gone against the
  Koran Ali responded by massacring many of the
  dissenters.
• Ali was murdered by a Kharijite in January 661.
• Muawiyah declared himself caliph and ended the
  era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs and ushered in
  the Umayyad Dynasty.
• After the civil war, Islam developed into 3
  factions
• Kharijites the smallest.
• Shiites partisans of Ali believe that Ali
  was the caliph.
• Sunnites believe that Muawiyah is caliph.

ALI
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Expansion Of Islam
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THE RISE OF ISLAM
The Umayyad Dynasty

• Muawiyah mainatined control with the help of the
  Arab army in Syria.
• His new government was centered in Damascus
  Syria dominant over Mecca and Medina.
• Expanded Muslim influence into North Africa and
  parts of Spain.

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Byzantine Empire

• Tried and failed three times to capture
  Constantinople.
• Spread Islam in the areas that are now India and
  Pakistan.

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INTERNAL PROBLEMS

• Mawali (clients non-Arab Muslims), who were
  treated as second class citizens, were getting
  restless.
• Shiites were angry that Muawiyah had designated
  his son to be the next ruler because they didnt
  want the Umayyads controlling everything.
• After Muawiyahs death in 680, Shiites rebelled
  behind Alis son Husayn in Al Kufah.
• Husayn was ambushed by an Umayyad army and given
  the option to die or humiliate himself by
  submitting to their ruler he chose death and he
  and his family were slaughtered along with
  Mohammeds daughter Fatima
• He is considered a martyr by all Muslims for
  living up to his principles until death.

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• Many were angered by the death of Mohammeds
  grandson and sympathy for the Shiites frew.
• The Shiites found another ally, the Abbasids, who
  said all Muslims should receive equal treatment.
• They won a major victory in Iraq over the
  Umayyads and routed them from control of
  everywhere except Spain in 750.
• They established a capital in Baghdad (The City
  of Peace) and instituted reforms to give justice
  to all Muslims Baghdad remained the political
  and culture center of Islam until 1258 and the
  Mongol invasion.
• Started the Abbasid Dynasty which took in the
  best of conquered political and intellectual
  culture and mixed it with Islamic ideals.

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THE CHRISTIAN REACTION
The Crusades

• Christians perceived Islam as the largest threat
  on European culture and religion.
• The armies of Islam were taking parts of Italy
  and had greatly reduced the power and size of the
  Byzantine Empire and besieged its capitol,
  Constantinople.
• European resources could now support large
  expeditions like the Crusades and while
  religiously motivated, the Crusades also were
  meant to enlarge European trade routes and
  profits.

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First Crusade

• Pope Urban II made a speech in 1095 calling for a
  great expedition to free Jerusalem from Seljuk
  Turks who were attacking Christian pilgrims
  traveling to Jerusalem.
• The crusaders knew little to nothing of Islamic
  life.
• In July 1099 the Christians took Jerusalem and
  massacred many of its inhabitants.
• Established the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem which
  was centered on Jerusalem.

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Second Crusade

• Pope Eugenius III called the crusade
• Only part of the army made it to Jerusalem in
  1148
• The Christians attacked but failed to take
  Damascus in 1148 and much of the army of the
  Franks left for home.
• The only significant gain was in Portugal where
  Lisbon was freed from the Moors by English
  troops.
• In 1186, a new powerful Muslim prince named
  Saladin came to power and took back Jerusalem
  from the Christians.

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THird crusade

• The most famous Richard the Lion-Hearted, Philip
  II of France, and Frederick of Barbarossa.
• Fredericks and Philip II armies returned home
  after a short campaign.
• Richard stayed and fought but could not recapture
  Jerusalem.
• He did, however, reinstitute the Latin Kingdom
  which was now much smaller and weaker.

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Later Crusades

• Despite many calls to action by Popes, no real
  threat was ever presented to the bases of Islamic
  power.
• Diplomacy was the only way to get to Jerusalem.
• No other crusade was a mass movement of
  significance.
• Frederick II (Holy Roman Empire) used diplomacy
  on Saladin to gain access to Jerusalem and a 10
  year peace treaty he was criticized for doing
  so in Europe.
• Several other military attempts were promptly and
  catastrophically defeated by the Islamic forces.

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Mongol Invasion

• By 1231, the Mongols had captured much of Iran,
  Mesopotamia, Armenia, and Georgia.
• Upon the urgings of European powers, the Mongols
  invaded Iraq under the grandson of Genghis Khan,
  Hulagu.
• The horde destroyed Baghdad in 1258 a blow from
  which Iraq would not recover until the 20th
  century.
• In 1259 and 1260 Hulagus forces took Syria, but
  they were stopped by the Mamluks of Egypt.
• Rule under the Mongols was oppressive at best,
  but eventually many of the rulers became Islamic
  and sympathized with the people.

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The Ottoman Empire

• Osman, a Turkish Muslim warrior, began uniting
  the remnants of the Byzantine Empire in 1299 and
  began leading raids on Christians in Western
  Anatolia.
• Their guiding principle was conducting raids on
  Christians in the interests of Islam and their
  proximity to the Byzantine border made it
  relatively easy to attack them.
• The Ottoman Empire became a major power in Europe
  for several hundred years.
• At the height of its power, the empire had gained
  control over the Balkans and was close to
  capturing Vienna, the capital of the Austrian
  Empire.
• By the 19th century, The Ottoman Empire was
  called the sick man of Europe as its borders
  slowly receded.

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Ottoman Empire
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MODERN ISLAM
Jihad

• The word jihad means the struggle in Arabic.
• Jihad has been interpreted as holy war in many
  Western translations of the Koran.
• In fact, the word jihad does not mean war, it
  means any struggle. For example, It is a jihad or
  struggle to get good grades.
• There are several ways to fulfill the jihad
  according to the Sunni sect The ways of the
  heart, tongue, hand, and sword.
• The Shiites sect does not support jihad of the
  sword (fighting in the name of Islam) at all.

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• The Islamic faith does not support the idea of
  jihad as holy war started by Muslims in any sort
  of aggressive action.
• Let there be no compulsion (or coercion) in the
  religion (Islam). The right direction is
  distinctly clear from error. (The Holy Quran,
  2256)
• Any notion of starting war or engaging in
  aggressive actions is the work of an extremist
  element of the Islamic religion.
• The mainstream Muslim community does not believe
  that jihad means terrorism some would say that
  the term Muslim terrorist is itself and
  oxymoron because of the peace and justice
  exemplified by the Islamic faith.
• To conclude this point, it is important to
  remember that the concept of a hostile, terrorist
  jihad is not characteristic of the mainstream
  Muslim religion, but rather it is the belief of
  one extreme wing of the religion.
• Unfortunately, in the Western world, this is the
  face of Islam that gets the most attention.

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Most Muslims today are part of two major sects or
schools.

• Sunni
• Ninety-percent of Muslims today are of this
  school.
• The name is probably derived from an expression
  meaning the middle of the road.
• The Sunni are accept differences of opinion on
  certain parts of their religious doctrine.
• Four different schools of Islamic law are
  included in the Sunni.

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• Shiites
• Followers of Shia Islam.
• Derived from the Arabic word partisans.
• This school of Islam is a minority (less than ten
  percent.
• The Shiites split from the Sunni in a dispute
  over the successor to Mohammed (the caliphs).
• The Shiites are found in large numbers in Iran
  (majority), Iraq, India, Pakistan and a few other
  middle-eastern countries.
• There are approximately 165 million Shiites.

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Islamic Nation States

• Organization of Islamic States 56 member states.
• The Islamic Republic of Iran
• In 1979 a revolution in Iran overthrew the U.S.
  backed Shah, or king.
• The new government is run by clerics this sort
  of government is called a theocracy.
• The majority of Iranians are Shiites.
• The government is separated into executive,
  legislative and judicial parts with checks and
  balances.
• The religious leader, or velayat-e faqih, is
  probably the most powerful man in the government.
  His power ranks above the president, who is head
  of the state.

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• Republic of Iraq
• The majority (about 65 percent) of the people are
  Shiites.
• Most of the rest are Sunni, Muslims make up 97
  of the total population.
• The government of Iraq gives dictatorial power to
  one man who serves as the President, prime
  minister, and head of the Revolutionary Command
  Council.

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• Islamic State of Afghanistan
• Until November of 2001, Afghanistan was ruled as
  an Islamic Theocracy.
• About 84 of the population is Sunnites with the
  rest primarily Shiites.
• As of January 2010, There is a new provisional
  government in place and it appears that
  Afghanistan is no longer a theocracy.

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Women In Islam

• Women are mentioned extensively in the Koran. Men
  are supposed to treat women fairly and women are
  given many of the same rights as men in the Holy
  Book.
• However, backwards fundamentalism in many
  countries has led to the repression of womens
  rights that are granted in the Koran. Such as
• The right to be an individual
• Right to earn and dispose of earnings and
  property
• Keeping her familys name instead of taking her
  husbands.
• The most perfect in faith amongst believers is
  he who is best in manner and kindest to his
  wife. - Mohammed

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• Marriage in Islam is viewed as a simple legal
  agreement with additional stipulations like only
  inter-marital sex.
• Divorce is not common but is not banned because
  women usually are treated fairly in their
  marriage agreements.
• The position of the mother is very much exalted
  in Islamic tradition. The prophet Muhammad has
  gone so far as to-say Paradise lies underneath
  the feet of your mothers.
• Women do not take as active a role in politics as
  in other nations. Women are usually involved in
  teaching.
• The wearing of veils is not necessarily dictated
  by religion, but is part of Middle Eastern
  culture.
• There is come evidence to suggest that this
  policy was adopted many centuries ago from
  Byzantine Christians.

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Influential People

• We must have solidarity among ourselves, and a
  fresh outlook on the rest of the world, in order
  to play an important role in international
  affairs. Iranian Foreign Minister Kamal
  Kharrazi
• Irans spiritual leader Ayatollah Ali Kamenei
• Kuwait's Sheik Jaber al-Ahmed Al-Sabah
• Saudi Crown Prince Abdullah looking for reform
  and better relations with the West
• Iraqi Vice President Taha Yassin Ramadan
• Lebanese President Elias Hrawi.