Decolonization

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Decolonization

• The end of WWII marks the beginning of the end of
  European imperialism

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India

• Formed to increase the rights of Indians
• Hindu Indian National Congress est 1885
• Muslim League est 1906
• Armistar Massacre 1919
• 319 were slaughtered by Br. General Dyer during a
  peaceful protest in a city park
• Protesting the arrest of 2 leaders
• Millions joined the self-rule movement

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India

• Mohanda Gandhi
• 1920s became a voice and organized protests
• Philosophy of passive resistance OR civil
  disobedience
• Boycott British imperial goods and strikes
• Hindus and Muslims worked together peacefully
  against the British, but became increasingly
  violent toward each other
• Called for Indian unity, but Muslim League wanted
  a Muslim nation called Pakistan

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India

• After WWII, GB granted independence
• Nonviolent resistance won
• Radical Hindus and Muslims started killing each
  other
• Gandhi called for a united India
• Muhammad Ali-Jinnah wanted to partition the
  subcontinent and create a Muslim nation in the
  North
• Great Britain partitioned hoping to save lives
  1947
• India (south), Pakistan (NW) and Bangladesh (East)

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India

• A mass migration to the area of their majority
  religion created violence
• 500,000 people were killed
• Gandhi was assassinated by a radical Hindu that
  didnt like his secular focus
• Kashmir remains an area of disagreement.
• Controlled by India
• Primarily Muslim

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Africa

• WWII, India and the fact that 100,000s Africans
  fought for their colonial powers
• South Africa Egypt was free before WWII
• North of the Sahara were the first to win
  independence
• South of the Sahara had problems wanted to be
  free, but raped of resources
• Few were educated and professionals unlike India
  were the upper class were highly educated there
  was not this investment in human capital in
  colonial Africa

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Africa

• Egypt
• Won independence in 1922
• Kept close ties with Great Britain
• 1950sGamal Nasser (general in army) overthrew
  the king and established a republic
• Nationalized industries, including the Suez Canal

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Africa

• Unity was difficult b/c of the way Europe drew
  the colonial boundaries
• Same colony spoke different languages, had
  different customs, histories and loyalties
• Though fought and won independence,but struggled
  to build strong, stable, independent countries

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Africa

• RwandaEthnic Genocide
• Tutsi (15) governed Hutu (85) during German and
  Belgium occupation
• 1962 won independence
• Hutu revolted killing thousands
• 1972 military coup, Juvenal Habyarimana, and est
  a one-party republic and kept peace till 1994
• 100 days of genocide left 800,000 Tutsi dead and
  by the end of the next year 2 million dead
• Refugees fled to Zaire

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Africa

• South Africa
• 1910 the Union of S. Africa were formed from 2
  British colonies and 2 Boer republics
• British and Dutch were given rights to
  self-govern Blacks were excluded from the
  politics
• 1923 residential segregation enforced
• 1926 blacks were banned from certain jobs
• 1931 S. Africa receives its independence

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Africa

• South Africa
• Apartheid established in 1948
• 80 population is black had 15 of the worst land
• 1950s Nelson Mandela leader of African National
  Congress (ANC) followed the teachings of Gandhi
• 1960 Sharpeville Massacre67 protesters were
  killed?causing them to resort to guerilla warfare
• Protesting having to have a pass to go to the
  cities you got through your job
• Mandela was arrested in 1964 for his part in
  anti-apartheid violence and sentenced to life

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Africa

• South Africa
• Pressure from black majority
• and international community?
• Mandela was released in 1990
• 1994 abolished apartheid
• Mandela was elected president
• in the first free and open election

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C/C Independence in Africa India

• Both areas independent after WWII
• Both tragically torn apart by ethnic and religion
• Hindu Muslim problems were there before the
  British
• Freedom in Africa allowed for an opportunity for
  power struggles with long hated tribes
• Difference an educated middle and upper class in
  India and not in Africa to create a stable
  government

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Middle East

• End of WWIOttoman lands were controlled by the
  League of Nations
• France controlled Syria and Lebanon
• Britain controlled Palestine, Jordan, and Iraq
• Iran was carved up into spheres of influence
  between Britain and Russia
• Turkey and Saudi Kingdom created

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1880
1920
2002
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Middle East

• Palestine
• Many Jews had returned to the promise land
• During WWIZionists (Jewish nationalists) living
  in Britain convinced Arthur Balfour that a Jewish
  homeland in Palestine was a just cause
• Balfour Declaration stated that the Jews had a
  right to a homeland BUT not to displace any
  Palestinians

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Middle East

• Palestine
• 1920 Britain gains as a mandate from the League
  of Nations
• Jews began streaming into Palestine, especially
  in the 1930s to flee Hitler
• By WWII, nearly 500,000 Jews emigrated
• 1948UN established 2 Palestines (similar to what
  was done and India and how did that turn out?)

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Middle East

• IsraelDavid Ben-Gurion 1st PM
• Attached by 6 Arab countries
• Shock and aweIsrael controlled a majority of
  Palestine and Jordan held remaining parts of West
  Bank
• Causing the Palestinians to have no land or home
• Jews began flocking there

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Middle East

• Israel
• 1967 Six Day Wargained control of the West Bank
  from Jordan and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt
• 1977 PM Begin Egyptian President Sadat signed
  the Camp David AccordsIsrael pulls out of the
  Sinai and Egypt recognizes their right to exist
• Sadat was assassinated

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Middle East

• PLO Palestine Liberation Organization
• Goal to reestablish a homeland
• Intifadaterrorism toward Israelis
• Militant Israelis are building on the occupied
  land causing difficulty in returning it

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Middle East

• Iran
• Reza Shah Pahlavi ousted the ruling shah in 1925
• Decided the best way to beat the West was to join
  them (like the Meiji)
• 1960sinstituted land and education form
  increased rights for women including the right to
  vote?infuriated Islamic fundamentalist
• Shah reacted violently to the Islamic
  fundamentalist and others that wanted more
  democratic reform

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Middle East

• Iran
• President Carter went to Iran to congratulate
  them on their modernization and
  westernization?fundamentalist had had enough
• 1979Iranian Revolution ousted the shah and
  installed a theocracy led by the Ayatollah
  Khomeini

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Middle East

• Iranian Revolution
• Modernization and westernization reversed
• Women required to wear traditional clothing and
  return to traditional roles
• Quran became the basis of the legal system
• 1989death of Khomeini has led to movements on
  both sides to gain support

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C/C role of women after Chinese and before
Iranian Revolution

• Role of women increased for both
• The changes were quick for both as opposed to
  gradually in the West
• Irans changed back quickly though

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Middle East

• Oil
• Industrial Revolution created demand
• ME has 2/3 of the oil
• This interest causes intervention and war
• 1960OPEC formed
• 1970 they cut supply
• Since then they havent been able to control its
  members

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Middle East

• Kuwait 1990 was invaded by Iraq
• To bring back a traditional portion of the
  country
• Increase control of worlds oil to 20
• UN and US quick to react
• Hussein driven from Kuwait, but left in power

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Middle East

• 1980s USSR invaded Afghanistan
• holy warriors resisted with aid of weapons from
  the West
• Internal problems plus guerilla warfare caused
  Gorbachev to withdraw
• Taliban won after 14 years of fighting and 2
  million dead in 1996

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Middle East

• Afghanistan and the Taliban
• Strict Islamic law
• Severe restrictions on women
• Safe haven for Osama bin Laden
• 2002 invaded and deposed

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Latin America

• Mexicoemerged from its 1910 Revolution with a
  one-party system, PRI Partido Revolucionario
  Institucional
• Argentinacontrolled by military leaders that
  wanted to industrialize
• Fascist Juan Peron (wife Evita) raised salaries
  of the working classes, controlled the press and
  denied civil liberties
• 1982 Great Britain defeated Argentina for the
  Falkland Islands

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Latin America

• Central AmericaUS businesses such as United
  Fruit invested in national economies and was
  resented by Central Americans
• Nicaraguathe Sandinistas carried out a protest
  against US intervention and resulted in a
  socialist revolution in 1980s

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Ethnic strife continues in the Balkan province of

1. Czechoslovakia
2. Kosovo
3. Hungary
4. Belarus
5. Ukraine

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The end of the 20th century saw

1. Increased economic prosperity for Japan.
2. A general decline in democracy throughout Latin
   America.
3. Ethnic conflict in Russia and in Africa.
4. The resolution of the problems of Palestinian
   refugees
5. Economic prosperity for Africa

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Which of the following nations did NOT acquire a
new government in the latter years of the 20th
century?

1. Nicaragua
2. Czechoslovakia
3. Germany
4. The Soviet Union
5. Japan

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The worlds largest democracy is

1. The United States
2. Great Britain
3. Canada
4. India
5. France

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Which of the following has been a common problem
of both Japan and Russia in the latter years of
the 20th century?

• Ethnic conflicts
• Political instability
• Economic downturns
• Huge foreign debts
• Drug cartels

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OPEC

1. Is an organization of Middle Eastern nations
2. Originated after the establishment of the
   European Union
3. Was founded after NAFTA
4. Has members in Latin America and Africa
5. Embraces all oil-exporting nations

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Which of the following cultures has been most
widely diffused during the period 1914 to the
present?

1. Japanese
2. Russian
3. French
4. British
5. US

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Postindustrial economies are characterized by a
large number of people involved in

1. Manufacturing
2. Mining
3. Agriculture
4. Service industries
5. Nuclear weaponry

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By the 21st century, almost all women across the
globe

1. Were freed from traditional homemaking roles
2. Were allowed to serve in combat in the armed
   forces
3. Were granted educational opportunities equal to
   men
4. Were given career opportunities equal to men
5. Had been granted the right to vote

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Which of the following is true regarding the role
of women in Communist China?

1. Military service was limited to support roles.
2. They were discouraged from working outside the
   home.
3. Restrictive Confucian tradition was outlawed.
4. They had fewer rights than under the Guomindang.
5. Women who worked outside the home were exempt
   from traditional household roles.

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Which of the following is the LEAST common
migration pattern from the 1960s to the present?

• From Asia to Europe
• From Europe to the US
• From Mexico to the US
• From the Middle East to Europe
• From Africa to Europe

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The largest displacement of people in the 20th
century was

1. Albanian refugees leaving Kosovo.
2. The exchange between Muslim and Hindu areas after
   the partition of India.
3. Illegal Mexican immigrants to the US
4. Displaced persons after WWII
5. Refugees from Vietnam in 1975.

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