NEW DIRECTION IN POLITICS

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Chapter 24.2
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NEW DIRECTION IN POLITICS

• Anxiety arose throughout Europe late in the 19th
  Century
• Mass Politics (more and more people able to
  participate in the political process) had created
  turmoil that disturbed even liberals. (Covered
  in Chapter 23 Mass Society
• Previously silent voices clamored for
  representation (It became the thing to do)
• The working class turned to forms of socialism to
  represent its needs, while right wing
  nationalists turned to racism and other ultra
  conservative factions

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FRQ PROMPT 1

• Analyze the growth and suppression of democracy
  in the to late 19th century

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Essential Question 1

• Identify the developments in the woman
  question in the late 19th century age of
  progress.
• Womens history is often the topic-directly or
  indirectly- of free response essay questions on
  social history

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Identify the developments in the woman
question in the late 19th century age of
progress.

• With the rise of liberalism in Europe, women
  sought rights and privileges previously granted
  only to men.
• Foremost in these was the right to vote.
• Feminists in Britain began to push for voting
  rights as early as the 1840s.
• As the century progressed and frustration
  mounted, feminists turned to more radical methods

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Identify the developments in the woman
question in the late 19th century age of
progress.

• VII. The Movement for Womens Rights Demands of
  Women
• Amalie Sieveking (1794-1859)
• Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)
• Clara Barton (1821-1912)
• Growing demands of suffragists
• Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928)
• Emily Davidson
• Peace movements
• Bertha von Suttner (1843-1914

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EMILY DAVIDSON
For live video footage of this event and more
information on the womens movement go to the
Unit 5 Page on the wiki
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Essential Question 2

• Examine the status of European Jews, why the idea
  of Zionism proved so appealing to many of them,
  and why it was not implemented.

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Examine the status of European Jews, why the idea
of Zionism proved so appealing to many of them,
and why it was not implemented.

• After decades of progress, European Jews again
  experienced anti-Semitism at the end of the
  century, as social Darwinism encouraged efforts
  to deny them rights.
• Extreme nationalism, especially in Germany and
  Austria, gave rise to political groups that
  exploited anti-semitism.
• Jewish population in Austria grew rapidly after
  they were granted full citizenship in 1867
• By 1900 they represented 10 of the population
• Many Jews were successful in business, banking,
  and trade while Jewish artists, intellectuals and
  scientists emerged (i.e. Freud)
• Extremists charged Jews with controlling the
  economy and polluting German culture with alien
  ideas and ultra modern art
• Jews in Eastern Europe (where 72 of the world
  Jewish Population lived) faced pograms (organized
  massacres), in which residents of entire villages
  were slaughtered

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Examine the status of European Jews, why the idea
of Zionism proved so appealing to many of them,
and why it was not implemented.

• Austrian Politics
• Christian Socialists combined agitation for
  workers with anti-Semitism
• Austria was just now starting to industrialize
  like England and France earlier and was going
  through that difficult transition
• Karl Lueger, mayor of Vienna, influenced the
  likes of future leaders like Adolf Hitler
• German Politics
• Christian Social Workers- Adolf Stocker
• Anti Semitism gained them votes of the
  lower-middle class groups who felt helpless
  against the new economic forces of the time

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The Dreyfus Affair

• Highest ranking Jew in the French army
• captain on the General Army Staff

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DREYFUSS AFFAIR

• A French Military officer was giving the German
  government secret information
• France was still embarrassed by their swift
  defeat by the Germans
• Evidence was found
• Dreyfus was blamed
• It showed that the
  French Republic was weak
• A newspaper, La Libre Parole,
  declared the incident to beevidence of
  Jewish treachery

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The Evidence Against Dreyfus

• In 1894, papers were found in a trash can of a
  German military office
• Dreyfus was a Jew
• Dreyfus handwriting was like
  that on the papers
• Dreyfus was not allowed to see
  the evidence
• He was found guilty

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The Punishment

• On January 5, 1895 Dreyfus was taken from his
  military position
• He was humiliated
• Then shipped away to prison on Devils Island
• I know it looks nice
• Malaria, Mosquito
• Infested
• Dangerous currents
• Inescapable

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Horrible Treatment

• On September 3, 1896 a report was given of
  Dreyfus escape
• It was false, but he suffered increased torture
• Every night Dreyfus was shackled to his bed with
  a double buckle
• Given a new hut on
  August 25, 1897

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• A huge wooden fence
  surrounded the hut
• It blocked his view of the sea and the island

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• He was an obedient prisoner
• He kept a journal
• He wrote to his wife December 26, 1898
• if I have undergone this, it is out of desire
  for my honor, my property, our childrens
  heritage When one has lived a life of duty, of
  complete honor, when one has known only a single
  language, that of Truth, it is a source of
  strength, I assure you, and no matter how
  horrible fate may be, one must be noble-minded
  enough to overcome it and make it bow down before
  you.

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The Aftermath

• The real culprit was found to be another officer
  named Major Esterhazy
• Dreyfus was finally cleared of all charges
• Relentlessly defended by the likes of Georges
  Clemenceau and Emile Zola
• Released on September 19, 1899
• Allowed to return to France
• He was readmitted into the army
• Most catholic religious orders were forced out of
  France

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Results

• Most catholic religious orders were forced out of
  France
• Army was purged of anti-republican (more
  conservative) officers
• Government seized church property
• The Church and State were officially separated
  once again (Robespierre)

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Examine the status of European Jews, why the idea
of Zionism proved so appealing to many of them,
and why it was not implemented.

• Many eastern European Jews emigrated to the
  United States, Canada, and Palestine.
• In Palestine, Theodor Herzl led a nationalism
  movement, Zionism, to establish a Jewish State in
  the Middle East.
• Many Europeans were OK
• Opposed were the Palestinians and the Ottomans
• The migration began to take place
• By the end of World War II this will become
  modern day Israel

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Essential Question 3

• Analyze the growing internal tensions in Germany
  as a result of their new position as a world
  power.

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Analyze the growing internal tensions in Germany
as a result of their new position as a world
power.

• Authoritarian, conservative (reactionary),
  militaristic state governed by an unstable and
  aggressive emperor (William II)
• He fired Bismarck
• 1914 Germany is the strongest power militarily
  and industrially
• New social configurations emerged as over 50 of
  Germans had jobs in industry and only 30 in
  agriculture
• Internal friction between modernization and
  traditionalism
• Social Democratic Party growing in power (due to
  industrialization and growth of liberalism)
• William II was no more successful than Bismarck
  in slowing the growth of the Social Democrats
• Despite their shift to more moderate revisionist
  socialist theories, the middle and upper class
  blamed labor for their own problems (Hitler is
  waiting)
• Strongly imperialist felt that they needed to
  expand to survive
• Expansion, nationalism and racism
• William preached taking Germany to their rightful
  Place in the Sun
• Increasing anti-Semitic as many bought into the
  Darwinist and nationalistic literature of the day
• Jews were well established in the banking and
  business sectors
• Their increase in population in these areas
  caused friction especially during poor economic
  times (like Nativism in the United States)

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Essential Question 4

• Discuss the important political changes seen in
  Western Europe and the United States at the turn
  of the twentieth century.

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Discuss the important political changes seen in
Western Europe and the United States at the turn
of the twentieth century.

• Mass politics benefited many Europeans, but also
  led to conflict.
• In Britain, the working class forced the Liberal
  Party to enact legislation that addressed the
  needs of labor
• They were influenced by trade unions and the new
  Labour Party
• Fabian Socialists stressed workers using their
  new rights to capture the House of Commons
• They were not Marxist. They did not promote
  revolution, but instead a political evolution
  toward a socialist state.
• To gain workers support, liberal leaders pushed
  through Parliament a social welfare program
  radically opposed to the traditional liberal
  concept of laissez-faire.
• Led by David Lloyd George, parliament passed
• National Insurance Act of 1911, old age pension
  for those over 70, and disability compensation
  paid for by tax burden on the wealthy through a
  progressive income tax and inheritance taxes

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Discuss the important political changes seen in
Western Europe and the United States at the turn
of the twentieth century.

• Britain (Continued)
• Parliament Act of 1911 further reformed and
  liberalized the traditional British government
• Life span of Parliament was reduced from seven to
  5 years (more turnover in representation)
• Revenue bills approved by the House of Commons
  automatically became law after being sent to the
  House of Lords (reduced power of conservative
  order- they could not veto)
• House of Lords could only delay enactment of
  non-revenue bills

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Discuss the important political changes seen in
Western Europe and the United States at the turn
of the twentieth century.

• In France, there was resistance to the republican
  desire for a more democratic society by the army,
  royalists, and the church.
• This conflict was brought to a head by the
  Dreyfus Affair (already covered)

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Discuss the important political changes seen in
Western Europe and the United States at the turn
of the twentieth century.

• United States
• Emerged as the worlds leading industrial power
• 8-10 million Americans moved from rural to cities
• 14 million immigrants
• Progressive Era emerged as liberal reform called
  for direct primaries, referendums, secret
  ballots, 17th Amendment, trust busting, womens
  suffrage movement
• Child labor laws, Meat Inspection and Pure Food
  and Drug Act
• Progressive Reform minded Presidents (T.R., Taft,
  and Wilson)
• Graduated Income Tax, Federal Reserve stystem
• The federal government gained a more active role
  in bringing about reforms and change rather than
  the traditional laissez faire approach.

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Essential Question 5

• Discuss the impact industrialization had on
  Imperial Russia in the late 19th and early 20th
  centuries.

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Discuss the impact industrialization had on
Imperial Russia in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries.

• In Russia, the minister of finance, Sergei Witte,
  worked to improve weak industrial production.
• Playing catch up to the rest of Europe
• Tremendous industrial growth, based primarily on
  the expansion of railroads, was unleashed, and by
  1900, Russia was the worlds 4th largest producer
  in steel.
• Similarly to all of nations of Europe, especially
  eastern, these changes brought turmoil and unrest
  as people struggled to adapt in all classes.

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Discuss the impact industrialization had on
Imperial Russia in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries.

• Working class (proletariat) grew in size and
  power in Russian cities
• Socialist thought and parties grew in popularity
• Soon repression forced them underground
• 1899-1903 industrial depression
• Out of work people desire liberal reforms
• Became frustrated with lack of participation in
  repressive Tsarist Russia and became supportive
  of terrorism

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Discuss the impact industrialization had on
Imperial Russia in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries.

• Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)
• Over territorial expansion in Far East
• Russia beaten soundly, even though social
  Darwinism says they should win leads populace
  to question government
• Peasants drafted into army decreased farm
  production and food shortages
• Political and social discontent increased and
  demanded more reform

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Discuss the impact industrialization had on
Imperial Russia in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries.

• Revolution of 1905
• In St. Petersburg, Sunday, January 9 1905,
  workers marched to the Winter Palace to present
  Tsar with a list of grievances (Cahier de
  Doleance in France)
• Soldiers opened fire on the peaceful marchers,
  sparking a revolt throughout Russia by workers,
  peasants, and middle class. BLOODY SUNDAY
• After months of disturbance, Nicholas II issued
  the October Manifesto, granting civil liberties
  and increasing the political franchise
• Witte advised Tsar to divide his opponents
• Duma created (legislative assembly elected by a
  broad franchise)
• Middle class moderates turned on the workers and
  lower classes and demanded stability (like in
  France x 3, Germany, Britain etc.)
• Reform was short lived, however, as Nicholas
  later curtailed many of the very reforms he had
  granted

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24.2 Summary Evaluation
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Question 1

• The Zionist Movement was influenced by all of the
  following EXCEPT
• Nationalist movements in Italy, Ireland, and
  Greece
• The Ottoman tradition of promoting cultural
  diversity
• anti-Semitism in Austria and Germany
• Persecution and pograms in Russia and the Ukraine
• The quota systems of many European universities

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Question 2

• The Dreyfus Affair resulted in all of the
  following EXCEPT
• Moderate and conservative republicans gained more
  power over radical factions
• The army was purged of anti-republican officers
• Most catholic religious orders were forced out of
  France
• The church and state were officially separated
• The government seized church property

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Question 3

• The Russian Revolution of 1905 was inspired by
  all of the following EXCEPT
• Massive food shortages in Russian cities
• Dissatisfied nationalities in regions dominated
  by minority ethnic Russians
• The peasants desire for land
• An urban labor force that was displeased with
  industrial working conditions
• Government reform of religious institutions

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Question 4

• The Russian Revolution of 1905 was inspired by
  all of the following EXCEPT
• Massive food shortages in Russian cities
• Dissatisfied nationalities in regions dominated
  by minority ethnic Russians
• The peasants desire for land
• An urban labor force that was displeased with
  industrial working conditions
• Government reform of religious institutions

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Question 5

• The Russian Revolution of 1905
• Resulted in the abdication of the Czar
• Was immediately suppressed by Nicholas II
• Led to the issuing of the October Manifesto which
  introduced democratic government to Russia
• Was the primary cause for the defeat of Russia in
  the Russo-Japanese War
• Led Nicholas II to issue the October Manifesto
  which called for an advisory assembly (the Duma)
  to be formed

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Question 6

• The industrial economy of the late 19th century
  was based upon all of the following EXCEPT
• The availability of raw materials
• The adequate labor supply
• The availability of capital
• A distribution system to marked finished products
• An equitable distribution of profits among all
  those who were involved in production

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Question 7

• Revisionist Marxist Movement
• Failed to gain a following during the late 19th
  century
• Supported the Marxist concept of revolution but
  differed with numerous other Marxist
  prescriptions
• Encompassed the Fabian Society, the Social
  Democratic Party in Germany, and the French
  Socialist movement led by Jean Juares
• Was the base upon which Lenin developed his
  support for the deployment of Communism in Russia
• Never attracted much support except in such Asian
  societies as China and Vietnam

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Question 8

• The 1909 budget proposed by Lloyd George
  advocated
• Progressive income and inheritance taxes
• An end to all property taxes
• Drastic reductions in funding for domestic
  programs
• Drastic reductions in expenditures for weaponry
• A redistribution of excessive tax revenues

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Question 9

• In order To overcome nothingnessindividuals
  must define life for themselves and celebrate it
  fully, instinctively, and heroically. This
  statement reflected the philosophy of which of
  the following?
• Ernst Cassirer
• Jacques Maritain
• Frederick Nietzsche
• Paul Tillich
• Karl Barth

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Question 10

• During the Third French Republic, 1875-1945,
  which one of the following describes a famous
  political crisis centered around the accusations
  of treason against a French Military officer?
• The Irish Question
• The Panama Canal Scandal
• The Zabern Affair
• The Dreyfus Affair
• The Daily Telegraph Affair

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Question 11

• Which of the following would a Fabian Socialist
  most likely approve?
• Adam Smiths Wealth of Nations
• Government-owned utilities
• Laissez-Faire policies
• An increase in the budget for the British Navy
• Government subsidies for private corporations