Ground Rules, exams, etc. (no

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Mutualism Equations (pp. 234-235, Chapter
11) dN1 /dt r1 N1 (X1 N1 b12
N2 /X1)dN2 /dt r2 N2 (X2 N2
b21 N1 /X2) (X1 N1 b12 N2 )/X1 0
when N1 X1 b12 N2 (X2 N2
b21 N1 )/X2 0 when N2 X2 b21
N1 If X1 and X2 are positive and a12 and a21
are chosen so that isoclines cross, a stable
joint equilibrium exists. Intraspecific self
damping must be stronger than interspecific
positive mutualistic effects.
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N2
N1
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The ecological niche, function of a species in
the community Resource utilization functions
(RUFs) Niche breadth and overlap Competitive
communities in equilibrium with their
resources Hutchinsons n-dimensional hypervolume
concept Niche dimensionality and diffuse
competition Euclidean distances in n- space
(Greek mathematician, 300 BC) Fundamental versus
Realized Niches Niche dynamics
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Resource matrices of utilization
coefficients Niche dynamics Niche
dimensionality and diffuse competition Complement
arity of niche dimensions Niche Breadth
Specialization versus generalization. Similar
resources favor specialists, different resources
favor generalists Periodic table of lizard
niches (many dimensions) Thermoregulatory axis
thermoconformers gt thermoregulators
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Experimental Ecology Controls Manipulation
Replicates Pseudoreplication Rocky Intertidal
Space Limited System Paines Pisaster removal
experiment Connell Balanus and
Chthamalus Menges Leptasterias and Pisaster
experiment Dunhams Big Bend saxicolous
lizards Browns Seed Predation
experiments Simberloff-Wilsons defaunation
experiment
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Defaunation Experiments in the Florida
Keys Islands of mangrove trees were surveyed
and numbers of arthropod species
recorded Islands then covered in plastic
tents and fumigated with methyl bromide Islands
then resurveyed at intervals to document
recolonization
Simberloff and Wilson 1970
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Simberloff and Wilson 1970
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Evidence for Stability of Trophic Structure?
First number is the number of species before
defaunation, second in parentheses is the number
after ____________________________________________
___________________________________________


Trophic Classes ____________________________
__________________________________________________
Island H S D W A C P
? Total__________________________
__________________________________________________
___________

E1 9 (7) 1 (0) 3 (2) 0
(0) 3 (0) 2 (1) 2 (1) 0 (0) 20 (11)E2 11 (15) 2
(2) 2 (1) 2 (2) 7 (4) 9 (4) 3 (0) 0 (1) 36
(29)E3 7 (10) 1 (2) 3 (2) 2 (0) 5 (6) 3 (4) 2
(2) 0 (0) 23 (26)ST2 7 (6) 1 (1) 2 (1) 1
(0) 6 (5) 5 (4) 2 (1) 1 (0) 25 (18)E7 9 (10) 1
(0) 2 (1) 1 (2) 5 (3) 4 (8) 1 (2) 0 (1) 23
(27)E9 12 (7) 1 (0) 1 (1) 2 (2) 6 (5) 13
(10) 2 (3) 0 (1) 37 (29)Totals 55 (55) 7 (5)
13 (8) 8 (6) 32 (23) 36 (31)
12 (9) 1 (3) 164 (140)
__________________________________________________
_____________________________________H
herbivoreS scavengerD detritus feederW
wood borerA antC carnivorous predatorP
parasite? undetermined
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Wilson 1969
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Predation and Parasitism
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Predator-Prey Experiments
Georgii F. Gause
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Predator-Prey Experiments
Georgii F. Gause
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Predator-Prey Experiments
Georgii F. Gause
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Lotka-Volterra Predation
Equations coefficients of
predation, p1 and p2 dN1 /dt r1 N1
p1 N1 N2 dN2 /dt p2 N1
N2 d2 N2 No self damping (no density
dependence) dN1 /dt 0 when r1 p1 N2
or N2 r1 / p1 dN2 /dt 0 when p2 N1
d2 or N1 d2 / p2
Alfred J. Lotka
Vito Volterra
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Neutral Stability (Vectors spiral in closed loops)
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Vectors spiral inwards (Damped
Oscillations)
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Damped Oscillations
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Prey self damping

Vectors spiral inwards (Damped
Oscillations)
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Robert MacArthur
Mike Rosenzweig
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Robert MacArthur
Mike Rosenzweig
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ltMike Rosenzweig
Robert MacArthur gt
Moderately efficient predator Neutral stability
Vectors form a closed ellipse. Amplitude of
oscillations remains constant.
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ltMike Rosenzweig
Robert MacArthur gt
Unstable extremely efficient predator Vectors
spiral outwards until a Limit Cycle is reached
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ltMike Rosenzweig
Robert MacArthur gt
Damped Oscillations inefficient
predator Vectors spiral inwards to stable
equilibrium point
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Functional response rate at which Individual
predators capture and eat more prey per unit
time as prey density increases
C. S. Holling
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Numerical response increased prey density
raises the predatorspopulation size and a
greater number of predators consume An
increased number of prey
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Gauses Didinium ExperimentsLotka-Volterra
Predation Equations N1 N2 Contacts
coefficients of predation, p1 and p2 dN1
/dt r1 N1 p1 N1 N2 dN2
/dt p2 N1 N2 d2 N2 No self
damping (no density dependence) dN1 /dt 0
when r1 p1 N2 or N2 r1 / p1 dN2
/dt 0 when p2 N1 d2 or N1 d2 /
p2Neutral StabilityPrey RefugesFunctional and
Numerical Responses
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Adding Prey self-damping stabilizes Prey-Predator
isocline analyses Predator efficiency, Prey
escape ability Prey refuges, coevolutionary
race Predators usually destabilizing
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Prey Isocline Hump Efficient Predator gt
unstable Inefficient Predator gt stable Predator
Switching, frequency dependence,
stabilizes Prudent Predation and Optimal
Yield Feeding territories Consequence of
senescence
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Prey Isocline Hump Inefficient Predator gt
stable Damped Oscillations Efficient Predator gt
unstable Increasing Oscillations gt Limit Cycle
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Limit Cycle
Predator Population Density
Prey Population Density
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Predator Escape Tactics Aspect
Diversity Cryptic coloration (countershading) Di
sruptive coloration Flash coloration Eyespots,
head mimicry Warning (aposematic) coloration
Alarm signals Hawk alarm calls Selfish
callers Plant secondary chemicals
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Aspect Diversity in Tide Pools Cottid Fish
lt Shrimp gt
Secondary Chemical Defenses of Plants
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Head Mimicry Papilio caterpillar Pit
Viper caterpillar DeVries Snake head
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Batesian Mimicry
Viceroy (Mimic)
Monarch (Model)
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Mullerian Mimicry
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Batesian Mimicry
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Parasitism gt Commensalism gt
Mutualism(, ) lt (, 0)
lt (, )Host-Altered
BehaviorEvolution of VirulenceBiological
Control