Intro to Marine Biology Oceanography

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Intro to Marine BiologyOceanography

• Chapter 1

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Challenger Information

• 3 ½ year voyage around the world to collect data.
• Ship was an old warship modified into a research
  vessel. Left one cannon on to discourage
  pirates!
• Discovered so much information that it took 19
  years to publish 50 thick volumes
• 4,700 new species discovered
• Chief scientist was Charles Wyville Thomson
• Major importance of the voyage was that the azoic
  theory (which states that life could not live in
  the deep ocean) was proved wrong!

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Major Ocean Basins

• Oceans cover 71 of the planets surface
• Pacific Atlantic Indian Arctic
  Southern Ocean

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Sea vs. Gulf

• Sea a body of salt water smaller than an ocean
  that is more or less land locked.
• Gulf a smaller body of water that is mostly cut
  off from the larger ocean by land formations.

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Salinity

• Salinity - total amount of salt dissolved in
  water.
• 3.5 salt and 96.5 water by mass.
• 1000g of water evaporate 35 g of salt
• We express salinity in parts per thousand (35
  p.p.t.)
• Salinity follows the rule of constant proportions
  the proportions of the ions in sea water remain
  constant to each other.

Sodium Chloride Sulfer Magnesium Calcium Potassium Bicarb.
55 30 8 4 1 1 .5
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Measuring Salinity

• Salinity can be measured using a Niskin bottle.

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What affects surface salinity?

• 1. evaporation 2. thawing
• 3. precipitation 4. freshwater run-off
• 5. freezing

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Surface Salinity in the Worlds Oceans
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Salinity Summary
Temperature Salinity Density
Warm Low Low
Cold High High
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Transparency

• One of the most biologically important properties
  of sea water is that sunlight can penetrate it.
  This is good because photosynthesis can occur.
• The ocean reflects blue light best.other colors
  are absorbed more than blue.
• Things that appear red at the surface look black
  at depth because there is no red light to reflect
  off them.

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Pressure

• Land organisms are under 1 atmosphere of pressure
  (14.7 pounds per square inch (p.s.i.)
• Marine organisms are under much more due to air
  pressure and water pressure (water weighs more
  than air).
• Gas filled structures like air bladders and lungs
  are compressed.