Pyramids on the Nile

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Pyramids on the Nile

• Chapter 2

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Land of Egypt
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Importance of Geography

• Nile floods created
  plentiful harvests (predictable)
• Nile acted as unifying factor (N/S)
• Desert was a natural barrier

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The River Nile
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Egypts Historical BackgroundI. Archaic Period

• Unification of Upper Lower Egypt in 3100 BC by
  King Menes
• First dynasty was founded

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Hieroglyphics were introduced about 3000 BC
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Rosetta Stone

• Hieroglyphics
• Demotic
• Ancient Greek
• Interpreted by Jean Francois Champollion in
  mid-19th century (20 years)

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Rosetta StoneBritish MuseumLondon
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Papyrus
- A paper-like material made from reeds.
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Old Kingdom 2770-2200 BC

• Time of prosperity splendor Founded by Zoser -
  3rd dynasty
• Age of the Pyramids
• Time when pharaohs power became absolute divine

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Role of Pyramids

• Represented royal authority
• Monumental architecture
• Tomb for mummified body of
  the rulers

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The Afterlife and Ka

• Ka (soul of the body?) could live on after death
  but must be provided for with all the things
  necessary for life

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Khufus pyramid aka Great Pyramid
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Giza The Great Sphinx
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Giza
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Pyramid comparison
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Pyramids

• Rooms stocked with supplies for the next life.
• Chairs Dishes
• Boats Food
• Games Clothing
• Weapons Chariots

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Tuts Tomb
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Howard Carter
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Vulture collar from Tuts tomb
Vulture Collar from the tomb of Tutankhamen
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Collapse of the Old Kingdom

• Too much investment in pyramid building
• Series of poor harvests
• Nobles usurped power

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First Intermediate Period

• Time of anarchy chaos
• No central authority/feudal
• Desert tribes invaded
• 11th Dynasty restored order in 2050 BCE

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Pharaoh ruled as a god(Theocratic government)

• Head of religion, government army
• Full responsibility for prosperity
• Caused rain to fall, sun to rise
• Nile to flood , crops to grow

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Main Gods

• Re - the sun god
• Amen - the god of Thebes
• Osiris - judge of the dead
• Egyptians hoped for life after death

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OsirisJudge of the Dead

• Personified the growth of
  vegetation
  life-giving
  force of the Nile
• Weighed hearts of
• the dead

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Triumph of Good over EvilThe Cult of Osiris
Hyperlink

• Paternal qualities of Osiris
• appealed to emotions
• Promised immortality
• to those who led moral lives

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Isis

• Love, magic, motherhood, children, medicine and
  peace were her human realms

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Anubis

• Jackal head
• God of
  embalming

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Mummy at The British Museum
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Step 1 Washing the body anointing with oils
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Step 2Removal of organs
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Canopic Jars held organs
-Represented the four sons of Horis -Vital
organs were stored
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Brain Probe

• The brain was thought to be useless, a producer
  of mucus. It was liquefied and removed through
  the nostrils.
• Probe from The British Museum

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Step 3 drying body with salts
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Step 4 Body cavity stuffed with linens and other
fibers
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Step 5 rewashing after 70 days
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Body preserved for eternity

• People of all classes planned for their burials
• Tombs filled with all that would be needed in
  afterlife

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Mummified Remains of King Tuts Granny

• Queen Tiy, wife of Amenhotep III

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The Middle Kingdom 2050-1652 BC

• More socially responsible
• Swamps drained
• Canals dug
• Pharaoh allied with middle classes
• Classical or Golden Age

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Middle Kingdomcontinued

• Expansion into Palestine Syriafollowed by weak
  rulers
• Religion democratized
• Cult of Osiris gains momentum
• Idea of personal salvation

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Second Intermediate Period ends the Middle
Kingdom, 1640 BC

• Takeover by Hyksos, nomads from Western Asia
• Secret weapons the
  chariot bronze
• Adopted by Egyptians

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Hyksos driven out after 70 years!

• Warlike rulers restored Egypts power built an
  empire
• Queen Ahhotep
• Pharaoh Kamose

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The New Kingdom 1560-1075 BC Third Period of
Glory

• Mighty military machine was source of pharaohs
  power
• Professional army
• Power of nobles reduced

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Map of Egypt
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New Kingdom

• Ruled by the 18th, 19th and 20th Dynasties
• Thebes (in the south) was capital

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New Kingdom pursued aggressive imperial policies
in the Fertile Crescent
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New Kingdom VIPs

• Hatshepsut first woman ruler
• Thutmose III - expansionist
• Amenhotep IV - monotheist
• Tutankhamun boy king
• Ramses II The Great builder, peace-maker,
  Moses, 19th dynasty

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Hatshepsut

• Declared herself pharaoh 1472 BC
• Encouraged trade not war
• May have been killed by her step son

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Amenotep IVaka Akhenaten
sandstone bust 1375 BC
Musee du Louvre,
Paris
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Akhenatenreligious revolution monotheism

• Elevated the status of sun god Aten
• Monotheism opposed by priest/people
• Moved capital to Akhenaten in middle Egypt

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Nefertitiwife of AkhenatenDaughter of the
vizier State Museum, Berlin
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Akhenaten Family
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Funerary Maskof Tutankhamen(Egyptian Museum)
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New Kingdom King Tuts solid gold inner coffin
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King Tutankhamen

• Probably the son of Akhenaten
• Died at age 18
• Succeeded by Nefertitis father, Ay
• Restored the old gods / capital

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Ramses IIruler of Egypt r.(1290-1224 BC)
First Ruler of 19th Dynasty
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Ramses II with warcaptives

• Last great
• pharaoh

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Egyptian QUEEN One of Ramses IIs 200
wives concubines
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Temple of
Ramses IIatAbu Simbel

• Died aged 99
• 150 children

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Moses

• Michelangelo,
  1512, Rome
• Might have lived during the time of Ramses II

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Egyptian Economy

• Agriculture mainly
• Wheat, barley, flax
• Raised sheep cattle
• Glassware metalworking
• Weaving Pottery
• Luxury goods for the wealthy

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Plowing (ceramic from tombs)
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Egyptian flat bread found in tomb
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Egyptian Pottery
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Egyptian Glasscosmetics container

• For kohl
  (eyeliner)
• Example of a
• luxury item
• The Egyptians were the first to produce glass

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Henna

• Used for Mehandi and as hair dye

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Razor

• Shaved heads were common for males females

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Empire Fades After 1200 BC

• People of the Sea caused destruction
• Palestine rebelled
• Libyans invaded
• Ruled 950 -750 BC

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Piankhi of Kush took control in 751 BC

• Unified Nile from Napata to the delta
• Established 25th dynasty
• Reigns for 80 years
• Overthrown by Assyrians
• Royalty flees to Meroe

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Greek Rule begins330 BC

• 323 BC to 30BC ruled by Ptolemy family
• Egypts authority, wealth independence remained
  intact
• Cleopatra VII was the last ruler before takeover
  by Rome

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Elizabeth Taylor as Cleopatra VII
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Contributions to Civilization

• Architecture Engineering
• Art
• Hieroglyphics
• Solar calendar based on 365 days per year
  introduced in 4200 BC

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The End