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The Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Iran, and
Afghanistan
CHAPTER 17

• Section 1 Physical Geography
• Section 2 The Arabian Peninsula
• Section 3 Iraq
• Section 4 Iran and Afghanistan

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Major physical features of the Arabian Peninsula,
Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan
Section 1 Physical Geography

• The Arabian Peninsulabordered by the Red Sea,
  Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, and the Persian Gulf
• The plain of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
  (Mesopotamia) lies between these exotic rivers.
• Region of mountains and plateausElburz
  Mountains, Kopet-Dag range, Hindu Kush, and the
  Zagros Mountains

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Climates of the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Iran,
and Afghanistan
Section 1 Physical Geography

• Most of the region has a desert climate.
• There are parts of the region with steppe
  climates.

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Important resources of the Arabian Peninsula,
Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan
Section 1 Physical Geography

• Water resources include wadis and fossil water.
• Oil is the key mineral resource.
• Iran has other metal deposits.

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Section 1 Physical Geography

• Persian Gulf
• Red Sea
• Arabian Sea
• Tigris River
• Euphrates River
• Elburz Mts.
• Zagros Mts.
• Hindu Kush
• Rub al-Khali
• Arabian Peninsula

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Physical Map (p.377)

1. The Zagros Mts. And Great Salt Desert make travel
   difficult in Iran.
2. The highest mountains are the Hindu Kush and they
   are found in Afghanistan.

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Main Idea

• What is the region's climate?
• The regions climate is desert or steppe.

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Main Ideas

• Mesopotamia was important in ancient times
  because it was a fertile and well watered area.

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Vocabulary

• exotic riversRivers that begin in humid regions
  and then flow through dry areas
• wadisDry streambeds in Southeast Asia
• fossil waterWater that is not being replaced by
  rainfall

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NO NOTE Resource Map (p.381)

1. A tanker traveling from Abadan to Mediterranean
   ports would go southeast through the Persian Gulf
   and the Gulf of Omen to the Arabian Sea,
   southwest to the Gulf of Aden, northwest through
   the Red Sea, and through the Suez Canal into the
   Mediterranean Sea.

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Why Study this region?

• The worlds first urban civilization, Sumer,
  developed in what is now Iraq. The mighty
  Persian Empire ruled the area later. These
  civilizations have left behind great works of
  art, architecture, and literature.
• This region contains most of the worlds known
  oil reserves.

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Why Study?

• The U.S. military has been involved in the
  region. For example, U.S. personnel played a
  major role in Operation Desert Storm in 1990-91.
• This region is the cradle of Islam, and home to
  many of its followers. Islam is the fastest
  growing religion in the U.S.

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SECTION 1
Physical Geography
Bodies of water
Rivers
Climate types
Mountains
Tigris Euphrates
Persian Gulf Red Sea Arabian Sea
Deserts
desert steppe
Elburz Kopet-Dag Zagros Hindu Kush
Great Salt Rubal-Khali An Nafud
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Objectives
Section 2The Arabian Peninsula

• What are Saudi Arabias history, government, and
  people like?
• What kinds of government and economy do the other
  countries of the Arabian Peninsula have?

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Saudi Arabia
Section 2The Arabian Peninsula

• Historycreated in 1932 by the Saud family
  closely linked to Islam
• Governmenta monarchy still ruled by the Saud
  family most officials are members of the family
  Islamic scholars influence policy
• Peopleethnic Arabs 85 percent Sunni Islam is
  reflected in dress, treatment of women, and daily
  prayer schedules

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Other countries of the Arabian Peninsula
Section 2The Arabian Peninsula

• Other countries of the Arabian Peninsula are
  predominantly Islamic and have varying wealth
  from oil reserves. All but Yemen are monarchies.

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(continued)Other countries of the Arabian
Peninsula
Section 2The Arabian Peninsula

• Kuwaitinvaded by Iraq in 1990 Gulf War rich in
  oil
• Bahrain and QatarBahrain is a historic trade
  center Qatar becoming more democratic
• The United Arab Emiratesled by emirs foreign
  workers outnumber citizens
• Omanattempting to create new industries besides
  oil
• Yemenelected government suffers from corruption
  poorest in the region

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Key events in Iraqs history include
Section 3 Iraq

• A.D. 600Arabs conquer Mesopotamia, Islam
  spreads, Baghdad thrives (until 1258).
• 1500sMesopotamia becomes part of the Ottoman
  Empire.
• British take over during World War I overthrown
  in the 1950s by the Iraqi army.

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(continued)Key events in Iraqs history include
Section 3 Iraq

• Baath Party takes over in 1968 and Saddam
  Hussein becomes president in late 1970s.
• 1980Iraq invades Iran Iran-Iraq War is fought
  from 1980 to 1988.
• 1990Iraq invades Kuwait, triggering Persian Gulf
  War.

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Iraqs government
Section 3 Iraq

• Was controlled by the Baath Party and Saddam
  Hussein.
• had built a large army and secret police force.
• Iraqs economy
• was limited by trade embargoes since the two
  wars.
• also has mining, construction, and manufacturing
  industries.

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Iraqs population is
Section 3 Iraq

• 75 percent Arab
• nearly all Muslim
• 15-20 percent Kurds

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Important events in Irans history include
Section 4Iran and Afghanistan

• 500s B.C.The Persian Empire was centered in the
  region.
• 300s B.C.Alexander the Great conquered the
  Persian Empire.
• A.D. 600sArabs invade and establish Islam.
• 1921The Shah takes over and encourages reform
  his son succeeds him in 1941.

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Important events in Irans history include
(continued)
Section 4Iran and Afghanistan

• 1979The Shah is overthrown and Iranian Republic
  is formed American hostages are taken with
  approval from the government.
• 19801988Iran-Iraq War is fought.

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The People and Government of Iran
Section 4Iran and Afghanistan

• Iran is a theocracyit is ruled by religious
  leaders.
• The government has supported terrorism and the
  destruction of Israel.
• Possible democratic reforms have been developing
  since the late 1990s.
• The population is diverse, with ethnic Persians
  in the majority.
• The Shia branch of Islam is the official religion.

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Problems in Afghanistan
Section 4Iran and Afghanistan

• Links to terrorism of September 11, 2001, placed
  Afghanistan at the center of the war on terror,
  led by the United States.
• Afghanistan has an interim government after the
  ousting of the Taliban.
• Years of war have hurt Afghanistans people,
  industry, trade, and transportation systems.

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