Management%20of%20the%20Reniform%20Nematode%20in%20Cotton

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Management of the Reniform Nematode in Cotton

• Kathy Lawrence, Associate Professor Plant
  Pathology
• Stan Usery, Jarrod Jones, Amy Dismukes and Taylor
  Boozer, Graduate research assistants
• Bill Gazaway, Dale Monks, Charlie Burmester,
  James Akridge, Don Moore, Yucheng Feng, Bob
  Goodman, Andy Price

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Nematodes

• Microscopic worm like animals that are parasites
  of plants and animals

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Nematodes
Plant Parasites
Beneficial Nematodes
Marine Nematodes
Animal Parasites
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Plant-Parasitic Nematodes

• All plant-parasitic nematodes possess a Stylet
• A stylet is a protrusable mouth structure used
  to penetrate the cells of the plant.

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Plant-Parasitic Nematodes

• Are obligate parasites that require a living host
  on which to feed and complete their life cycle.

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Shape of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes
Spiral Nematode
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Plant-Parasitic Nematodes

• 300 to1000um long
• 15 to 35um wide
• Transparent
• Visible with a microscope

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Plant-Parasitic Nematodes
Stems Pinewood Nematode
Roots Root-knot on Tomato
Leaves White Tip on Rice
Seed Seed Gall on Wheat
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Nematode Soil Sample

• Only true way to determine if nematodes are
  present

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Nematode Soil Sample

• Divide the field into manageable blocks.
• Sample in a zig-zag manner across each block.

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Nematode Population DensitySeasonal Fluctuations
Nematodes / pint soil
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Nematodes Associated With Cotton

• Root-knot Meloidogyne incognita
• Reniform Rotylenchulus reniformis

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Root-Knot NematodeField Symptoms

• Elliptical areas in the field with stunted
  growth.
• Small to several acres in size.
• Later in the season areas of excessive weed growth

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Root-Knot NematodeField Symptoms

• Knots or galls on the roots.

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Root-Knot Nematode

• Each gall contains one or more adult root-knot
  females

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Root-knot Nematode

• Second-stage juveniles (J2).
• Small - 425um long
• Small delicate stylet but very damaging to the
  roots.
• The infective stage for the nematode

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Root-Knot NematodePopulation Thresholds

• Spring
• 10 J2 / 100cc soil.
• Fall
• 40 - 50 J2 / 100cc soil.

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Root-knot Nematode

• Meloidogyne incognita
• Race 1, 2, 3, 4
• M. arenaria
• Race 1 2
• M. javanica
• M. hapla

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Reniform NematodeField symptoms

• Uneven or up and down plant heights
• Once established there are few to no symptoms.
• Crop continues to produce lower yields each year.

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Reniform Nematode on a Cotton Root

• Reniform (kidney) in shape
• Anterior part of body is embedded in the root
  with the posterior to the outside.

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Reniform NematodeRoot Symptoms

• Difficult to see
• Small egg masses covered with soil particles
• Root necrosis

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Male
Gravid female
Juvenile
Female
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Reniform Nematode

• Vermiform female is the infective
  stage
• Small - 600um in length
• Sclerotized cephalic region

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Reniform NematodePopulation Thresholds
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Plant-Parasitic Nematode Management

• Resistant/Tolerant Varieties
• Crop Rotations
• Chemical Management

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Resistant Varieties

• Root-knot - Cotton ST 5599 (resistant/tolerant)
• Soybean resistance
  available
• Reniform - Cotton - no resistance
• Soybean - resistance
  available

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Resistance and Tolerance

• Resistance
• Resistance is the effect of the cotton host on
  nematode reproduction a completely resistant
  plant allows no nematode reproduction.
• Tolerance
• Tolerance is the amount of cotton host injury a
  tolerant plant suffers little yield loss when
  heavily infected with nematodes.

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Cotton cultivar EvaluationReniform nematode

• 150cc of sterile soil
• Inoculated 1000 R. reniformis.
• 60 days
• Reniform were extracted combined gravity
  screening and sucrose centrifugal floatation.
• Eggs extracted sodium hypochlorite.
• Reproduction Total reniform/initial number.

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• Cotton cultivar yield response to R. reniformis
  (tolerance).

• Varieties planted with and without
• a nematicide.
• Determine R. reniformis numbers.
• Yield
• with and without the nematicide.

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Field Trials Materials Methods

• Infested reniform nematode
• Nematicides
• Temik Vydate
• Telone
• Nematodes sampled at planting, mid-season, and
  harvest
• 12 varieties tested
• 4 reps
• Seed cotton yields recorded

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Limestone Co. 2003-2004
-1.2 7.5
13.8 2.1
0.3 19.4
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Escambia Co., AL
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2004, Huxford, AL

• Thanks to a tropical storm and hurricane Ivan
  yields were not recorded in 2002 or 2004

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Cotton cultivars
High yielding cultivars provide the most economic
benefit currently Tolerance has varied by
location and year.
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Crop Rotation

• Root-knot - resistant soybeans
• Reniform - resistant soybeans
  
• - corn, grain sorghum, peanut

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Soybean Variety Evaluations Reniform Nematode

• Mississippi State University
• Screened - 114 varieties Resistant
• MG IV, V, VI 8
• University of Arkansas
• Screened - 190 varieties Resistant
• MG III IV - 190 4
• Auburn University
• Screened - 126 varieties Resistant
• MG IV - VIII 0
• (8 MR)

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Average Seed Cotton YieldOne Year Rotation- W.
GazawayEscambia Co. AL
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50
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Chemical Management
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Nematicide Tests - 2005

• Small Plots - Nematicides - Telone II
• 
  Vapam
• Temik 15G
• Vydate C-LV
• Experimental Temik
• Seed Treatments Avicta complete pack
• 
  Gaucho L1489A FS EC
• Gaucho
  exp600003BFS SC
• Biological N-Hibit

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Material and MethodsSmall Plot Tests - 2005

• Variety ST 5599 BG/RR
• DP 444 BG/RR
• Exp. Design Randomized complete block
• 5 -6
  replications
• Plot Design 2 -4 row plots
• 25 long 36 -40
  row spacing
• Planting Date April 29 and May 1, 2005
• Nematodes Sampled Monthly
• Extraction Technique Gravity screening and
  
  centrifugal flotation
• Harvest Date Oct. 5, 2005

KSL 06
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Avicta Complete Pak, Temik 15 G and Vydate C-LV
2005 Test 108ADP 444 BG/RR

• Treatment Rate Application
• 1. DynastyCruiser --- ---
• 2. AvictaCP 0.15 mg/seed Seed treatment
• 3. DynastyTemik 15G 5.0 lb In-furrow
• 4. AvictaCPTemik 15G 0.15mg5.0 lb ST IF
• 5. DynastyTemik Temik 15G 5.0 5.0 lb ST IF
  SD
• 6. AvictaCPVydate 0.15mg17oz ST6LS
• 7. AvictaCPTemikVydate 0.15mg5lb17oz STIF6L
  S
• 8. DynastyCruiserVydate 0.15mg17oz ST6TL

KSL 06
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Vydate
KSL 06
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LSD 657
KSL 06
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KSL 06
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Vydate
KSL 06
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LSD 343
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KSL 06
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Avicta Complete Pak 2005 Test 104ADP 444 BG/RR
ST5599BGRR

• Treatment Rate
• 1. Dynasty Cruiser ---
• 2. AvictaCP 0.15 mga/seed
• 3. Dynasty Temik 15G 5.0 lb
• 4. Dynasty Temik 15G 7.0 lb
• 5. Allegiance Baytan
• Thiram Temik 15G 5.0 lb

GWL 06
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KSL 06
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LSD 458
KSL 06
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LSD 458
KSL 06
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KSL 06
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KSL 06
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LSD 786
KSL 06
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KSL 06
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LSD 302
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KSL 06
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Effect of Bayer Experimentals Temik Formulations
on Reniform in Belle Mina, 2005
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KSL 06
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LSD 451
KSL 06
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Effect of Telone II, Vapam and Temik 15G on
Cotton Yields in Belle Mina, 2004
KSL 06
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Plant-Parasitic Nematode Management

• Resistant/Tolerant Varieties
• Crop Rotations
• Chemical Management

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Root-knot Nematode
Cotton Tobacco Pepper Watermelon Peanut Tomato
M. i. R1 - - -
M. i. R2 - -
M. i. R3 - -
M. i. R4 -
M. a. R1 -
M. a. R2 - - -
M. j. - -
M. h. - -
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Chemical Management
Chemical Chemical Application Cost / Acre
Aldicarb Temik In furrow 11.28-24.50
1,3-dichloropropene Telone II Fumigate 18.75-62.50
Sodium methyldithiocarb Vapam Fumigate 19.50-40.00
Oxamyl Vydate Foliar Spray 10.65-11.29
Avermectin Avicta Seed 18.00-22.00
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Seed Cotton Yield Loss by At-Plant Reniform
Nematode Population Densities
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KSL 06
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Economic Benefit
Chemical Yield Chemical Yield Cost / A Gross/A
Temik 5 7 lb/A 1259 11.28-24.50 612
Avicta 0.15mg/seed 1389 18.00-22.00 674
Dynsasty Cruiser 1314 657
KSL 06
72
KSL 06
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LSD 235
KSL 06