Transition to Modernity

1
Transition to Modernity

• Commercialization of agriculture a time when
  sheep ate men.
• The modern state
• The development of Science
• Commodification of land, labor and capital. (Karl
  Polanyi The Great Transformation).
• Capitalism and Industrialism
• Advances in communications and transportation

2
Population changes

• Our ability to sustain life is what population
  figures tell us.
• In 1820 the planet reached a population of 1
  billion people. (85 living on the equivalent of
  1 dollar per day).
• The next billion was added in just one hundred
  years! By 1920, we had 2 billion inhabitants.
  (1950 50 living on 1 dollar per day)
• The next billion was added in just 50
  years.(1980 31 living on 1 dollar per day)
• We now add one billion people every 12 years.
  (20 live on 1 dollar per day).

3
Average Life Expectancy

• In 1900, ALE was 50 in the leading economy,
  Britain, and 30 in the developing world.
• By 1960 it was 69 and 46 respectively.
• By 2000 it was 77 and 63.