What is Instructional Design

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What is Instructional Design

• Makarand Pandit

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What we plan to do today

• Definitions
• Roles of an Instructional Designer
• Human memory Model
• Noted Contributors to ID
• Principles from Cognitive, Behavioral and
  Motivational Theories

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What is training?

• Imparting knowledge and developing skills
  through
• Instructions
• Experimentation
• Experiences

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Quality of training depends on

• Trainer
• Trainee
• Instructions
• Experimentation
• Experiences

Media
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Traditional Training Approach
Trainer
Trainees
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New Training Approach
Resources
Audio
Job Aids
Video
Trainee
Simulations
Interactions
Reference Material
Quiz
Group Exercises / Drills
Trainer
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Instructional Design - Definition 1

• Instructional Design is a systematic approach to
  the production of instructional units or
  courseware for specific user groups.
  Instructional design is a process whereby the
  student interacts with the course materials and
  behaviour change occurs - Maggs, et al

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Instructional Design - Definition 2

• A self correcting systems approach that seeks to
  apply scientifically derived principles to the
  planning, design, creation, implementation, and
  evaluation of effective and efficient
  instruction. - Shrock

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Instructional Design - Definition 3

• Instructional Design simply defined means using
  a systematic process to understand a human
  performance problem, figuring out what to do
  about it and then doing something about it. -
  McArdle

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What else?

• The field is variously called
• Instructional Development
• Instructional Technology
• Instructional Design
• Educational Technology
• ...

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Roles of Instructional Designer

• Student
• Coordinator (ID Development)
• Critic
• Guide
• Not Subject Matter Expert

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Interesting Example

• Instructional Designer is the Architect of the
  training material
• ID lays down the design to be followed by others

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A Good Instructional Designer has

• Training Skills
• Writing Skills
• Interpersonal Skills
• Visualizing Skills
• Logical Linking Ability
• Students Approach
• Experience (must)!

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When did your learning start?

• From the birth and it will continue for ever
• So learning theories try to analyze Childrens
  Development

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Model of Human Memory System
Lost
Input
Lost
Lost
Input
Sensory Register
Working (Short Term) Memory
Long Term Memory
Attention
Input
Meaningful Learning, Rehearsal
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Personal Learning Styles

• Converger (Theorist)
• Diverger (Pragmatist)
• Assimilator (Reflector)
• Accomodator (Activist)

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Converger (Theorist)

• Habits
• Solution Oriented Person
• Problem Solver
• Decision Maker
• Responds to Problems and Questions
• Wants to be intellectually stretched
• Preferred Learning Modes
• Structured Learning
• Relationship Building

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Diverger (Pragmatist)

• Habits
• Generates wide range of ideas
• Views situations from different points of view
• Tendency is more towards observing than taking
  action
• Preferred Learning Modes
• Discussions, Brainstorming
• Demonstrations
• Action Planning

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Assimilator (Reflector)

• Habits
• Absorbs considerable information
• Synthesizes information into concise form
• Interested in abstract ideas and concepts
• Emphasizes theory that is logically sound than
  practically sound
• Preferred Learning Modes
• Journals, Case Studies
• Individual Problem Solving
• Self-paced Self-directed Learning

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Accomodator (Activist)

• Habits
• Does not prefer Logical Analysis
• Gathers information from people more than
  technical analysis
• Intuitive and Trial Error Learner
• Likes variety, action and challenge,
  presentations
• Preferred Learning Modes
• Role Plays, Simulations, Games
• Adventure Learning

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Guidelines for Instructional Designer

• Use a combination of Instructor and Self Learning
• Develop courses for all types of learners
• Choose personal learning style if possible
• Evaluate quality of training based on personal
  learning styles considered
• Have room for leaner to respond
• Provide variety of learning strategies
• For Technical Courses use more of Reflective
  Exercises
• Design instructions to meet performance or task
  requirements

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Guidelines for Instructional Designer

• Avoid designs on basis on occupational
  sub-grouping
• Do not over-use your own personal learning style
• Do not ignore personal dislikes arising from
  extreme preferences of personal learning style

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ID Theories

• Cognitive Theories
• Bahavioural Theories
• Motivational Theories

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Contributors

• Gagne
• Skinner
• Vyagotsky
• Piagiet
• Bruner
• Merill
• Bloom
• Mager

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CBT Structure

• Objectives
• Topic
• Hint
• Example
• Steps
• Practice
• Questions
• Summary

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WBT Structure

• Series
• Course
• Lesson
• Levels of learning
  (Affective)
• Topic
• Levels of
  learning (Cognitive)
• 
  Instructional Mode (Overview, Explain,
• Show,
  Practice, Summary)
• 
  Instructional Strategy (Expository,
• 
  Exploratory, Build, Dialogue,
• 
  Questions and answers, Case study)
• 
  Template

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Summary

• Definitions
• Roles of an Instructional Designer
• Noted Contributors to ID
• Implications of Learning Styles in Training
  Design
• Principles from Cognitive, Behavioural and
  Motivational Theories

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Reference Books

• Computer Based Instruction Methods and
  Development Allessi, S.M. Trollip, S.R.
• Designing and Writing Online Documentation
  Horton, William
• Instructional Design - A systems approach Maggs,
  Alex, et al
• Instructional Technology, Past, Present and
  Future Anglin, Gary G. (Ed.)
• Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching,
  Roblyer, M.D., et al
• The Systematic Design of Instruction Dick, Walter
  and Carey, Lou