Answer Quiz Questions on the back of your Objective 4 Packet

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Answer Quiz Questions on the back of your
Objective 4 Packet

1. In which biome would you find a polar bear? A
   buffalo? A tree frog?
2. Which two body systems are most involved in
   distributing oxygen to your cells?
3. Mistletoe taking nutrients from a tree is an
   example of which type of symbiotic relationship?

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Biology Objective 3

• Demonstrate an understanding of the
  interdependence of organisms and the environment.
  

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Biomes Identified by biotic and abiotic factors

• Biotic what kinds of plants and animals live in
  it.
• Abiotic Nonliving characteristics such as soil
  type, rainfall amounts, and average temperature
  cycles.

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A scientist has hypothesized that theexistence
of life on Mars is likely becauseMarss
atmosphere is 95 carbon dioxide.

• 36 Which question is valid in testing this
  hypothesis?
• F Do most other scientists agree with the
  hypothesis?
• G Could abiotic processes account for the carbon
  dioxide?
• H What is the percent of argon compared to carbon
  dioxide in the Martian atmosphere?
• J Have the scientists other predictions about
  Mars been validated?

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36 Which question is valid in testing this
hypothesis?
When testing an hypothesis, there should be only
one variable changed at a time. If this is not
possible, then all possible reasons for an
outcome need to be considered. In this case,
carbon dioxide can be produced by chemical
reactions other than cellular respiration, which
is a biotic process. That is why answer G is the
best answer.
F Do most other scientists agree with the
hypothesis? G Could abiotic processes account for
the carbon dioxide? H What is the percent of
argon compared to carbon dioxide in the Martian
atmosphere? J Have the scientists other
predictions about Mars been validated?
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Name the Biome
Temperate Forest
Desert
Tundra
Grasslands
Tropical Rainforest
Taiga
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What are they referring to?

• Biosphere The entire area of the planet that
  supports life.
• Biome An area defined by specific abiotic and
  biotic factors.
• Community The groups of living things in an
  area and how they relate.

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What is extinction and what causes it?

• A population is extinct when the last of that
  species is dead.
• Example There are no more dinosaurs.
• What happened? Their habitat was destroyed.
  When they no longer have what they need to live,
  they die.

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Ecology The study of the relationships among
living things

• Symbiosis is a close relationship between two
  living things.
• When both are helped it is called mutualism
• When one is helped and there is no effect on the
  other it is called commensulism
• When one is helped and the other is harmed it is
  called parasitism

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Mutualism . . .

• Sharks are cleaned by a little fish known as a
  Remora. The shark never eats them since they
  clean bacteria off of the shark. Since both
  species are helped, this is mutualism.

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Commensulism . . .

• Orchids live high in tree-tops on the branches of
  large trees. They do not harm the tree, but they
  are helped by being raised up into the sunshine
  and receiving water.

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Parasites . . .

• Parasites harm or kill the host. A good example
  is a tape worm. It intercepts all of the hosts
  food, causing the host to starve to death.

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• 35 Clown fish are small reef fish that seek
  protection from predators by sheltering
  themselves among the stinging tentacles of sea
  anemones. Clown fish are very territorial and can
  potentially scare off predators of sea anemones.
  This relationship is an example of --
• A neutralism
• B mutualism
• C parasitism
• D commensalism

This is not a type of symbiosis Incorrect
Since both are helped, it is of mutual benefit or
Neither is harmed so this is incorrect
Means only one is being helped and the
relationship has no effect on the other also
incorrect
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What is helped? Both the ants and the tree.
This is the definition of
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All energy on the earth comes from the sun.
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18 Energy used by producers in a grassland food
web is provided by-
Used by producers
This is a process, not an energy source. H and J
are elements which are types of matter, not
energy. So our answer should be F

• F sunlight
• G photosynthesis
• H oxygen
• J carbon dioxide

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Energy Diagrams

• At one end of the diagram are plants. They are
  called producers since they are capable of
  turning sunlight into food by photosynthesis.
  They pass 10 of the energy they absorb to
  animals that eat them.

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Consumers

• 1st Order Consumers eat only plants and are also
  called herbivores.
• 2nd Order Consumers eat only animals and are
  called carnivores.
• 3rd Order Consumers animals that eat other
  animals, they are also known as carnivores

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10 Energy Rule Only 10 of the energy moves up
to the next trophic level.
Decomposers
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If we apply the 10 rule, 10 of the 1000 kcal of
the plant is consumed or 100 kcal, and 10 of
that is 10 kcal which is 1 of the original
1000kcal, but only 3 kcal is available to the
tissues so it is A.
43 Approximately how much of the energy available
in the tissues of the producer is eventually
incorporated into the tissues of a secondary
consumer? A Less than 1 B Between 20 and
30 C Approximately 50 D More than 50
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Food Chain One of many feeding relationships in
a community

• Arrows in a food chain show the direction of
  energy flow.
• This is not the only feeding relationship for
  these organisms.
• When several or all of the food relationships are
  shown its a . . .

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Food Web
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Food Webs

• Food webs attempt to show all the feeding
  relationships in a community.
• The direction of the arrows shows the direction
  of energy flow.
• At the bottom of every web and every chain is a
  plant. These are the only things that can turn
  sunshine into food.

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• 37 Which of these groups of organisms would most
  likely have accumulated the largest concentration
  of a long-lasting chemical pollutant in their
  bodies?
• A Phytoplankton
• B Zooplankton
• C Lake trout
• D Gulls

Since the Gulls are at the top of the food web,
they would have the highest accumulation of
everything but energy.
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Predator and Prey

• Prey are the animals that are eaten as a food
  source for the . . .
• Predator This is the hunter animal. The
  population of the predator must be less than the
  prey or they do not have enough food.

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Carrying Capacity

• This is the maximum number of a specific
  population that an area can support with enough
  food and living requirements. It is shown by a
  line on population graphs for a specific species.
  

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2 Because of this animals adaptations, it would
be most successful at

• F competing with birds
• G making its own food
• H hiding from predators
• J running very rapidly

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And the answer is?

• H hiding from predators.
• Its not a plant, so it cant make food.
• It has no wings, so it can not compete with
  birds.
• Although it has long legs, it doesnt seem
  balanced for running.

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To increase the predator population you could do
what?

• 24 Which of the following is most likely to cause
  increases in a predator population?
• F Fewer prey
• G A reduction in competition
• H More parasites
• J A period of drought

Reduces available food Nope!
Less predators, they would be sick or dying!
Less predators and prey, theyd be gone looking
for water!
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39 Wolves and hawks are at the same trophic level
because they A both live on land B are both
large mammals C both eat primary consumers D have
similar hunting patterns
Trophic level Means 1st , 2nd or 3rd Order
Consumer
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Water Cycle

• Precipitation (rain and snow) fall on plants and
  ground.
• Plants respire and evaporate water back into
  clouds.
• The ground filters the water run-off into the
  lakes where it evaporates again.

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• 21 The diagram shows physical changes that
• occur in the water cycle. Which of these shows
• condensation?
• A Q
• B R
• C S
• D T

Precipitation
Run Off of ground water
Evaporation
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Carbon Cycle

• Glucose C6H12O6 is produced by plants, eaten by
  animals.
• Photosynthesis
• Animals and plants exhale CO2 which is taken in
  by plants to make glucose
• Cellular Respiration

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Nitrogen Cycle
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Nitrogen Cycle
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Rock Cycle
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Mans Effects on the Environment

• Ozone O3 is a protective layer at the top of the
  atmosphere.
• However, when it occurs near the ground, it is
  very harmful to all living things, it is SMOG

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Mans Effects on the Environment

• More than 90 of fresh water is locked in ice at
  the polar caps and in glaciers.
• Much of the fresh water is polluted by land
  run-off, dumping of wastes and excess heat
  directly into lakes, oceans and rivers.

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Mans Effects on the Environment

• Global warming, also called the Greenhouse
  Effect is caused by excess burning of fossil
  fuels and destruction of our oxygen producing
  protista in the oceans, and deforestation on
  land. Less plants means less oxygen and more
  CO2.

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54 Which of these activities can help conserve
natural resources?
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
What is the phrase for ecology?

• F Recycling cardboard boxes
• G Washing small loads of laundry
• H Driving large cars
• J Building wooden fences

Yes! Recycle! Not saving water! Wasting fuel!
Cutting down trees that give oxygen and clean
air!
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Biological Organization begins with cells . . .

• Cells which work together form tissues
• Tissues that are layered form organs

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And .. . . .

• Organs that work together form an ORGAN SYSTEM
• Organ systems work together to maintain
  homeostasis for the organism

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Homeostasis

• This is the maintenance of the normal operating
  conditions of an organism.
• Control of body temperature, pulse rate, blood
  pressure, blood sugar, urine output, digestive
  absorption, metabolism rate, growth rate and
  hormone levels all need to be maintained.

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Structural System - 1

• Bones are to
• Support structure
• Make blood cells
• Allow movement
• Muscle attachments
• Ligaments hold joints together

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Structural System 2

• 3 types of muscles
• Smooth, involuntary
• Striated, voluntary
• Cardiac, heart muscle somewhat like both above
• Allow for movement
• Attached by tendons above and below joints

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17 Which structure in the upper arm
is responsible for raising the lower arm? A 1 B
2 C 3 D 4
In order to raise it, it must be attached, so its
not 1 or 2. 4 is a bone not a muscle, so its
answer
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Nervous System - 1

• Consists of brain and spinal chord
• Voluntary, you control and choose
• Involuntary, allows parts to keep functioning
  without you knowing
• Nerve cells send and receive information . .

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Nervous System - 2

• Nerve cells have 3 parts
• Axon Sends signal
• Cell Body controls cell functions
• Dendrite Receives signal from another
• Synapse space between cells

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Nervous System - 3

• Involuntary is controlled by the medulla
  oblongata of the brain.
• This is how you keep breathing while sleeping and
  digest food without thinking about it.

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Nervous System - 4

• Voluntary control is over things you can choose
  to change
• Reflexes are involuntary movements of voluntary
  muscles
• All of your senses . . .

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Nervous System - 5

• Are part of the voluntary nervous system.
• We receive input and process information
• We decide to act or not to act, move or not,
  remember or not

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Endocrine System

• Chemical messages sent through the blood
• Slow change and response compared to nervous
  system
• Long term maintenance or scheduling in the
  organism such as mating patterns
• Chemicals, hormones and enzymes are released from
  glands as chemical messages

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Digestive System 1

• This is how we intake all the vitamins, minerals,
  protein, lipids, carbohydrates and water we need.
  
• Mechanical Digestion begins in the mouth, it is
  grinding and breaking food up

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Digestive System 2

• Saliva has enzymes that begin digestion of
  carbohydrates
• The mouth connects to the esophagus, then to the
  stomach, which churns the food with acid to help
  break it up
• The stomach dumps into the small intestine where
  90 of digestion takes place.
• Enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver
  and gall bladder break down the food into useable
  parts.

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Digestive System 3

• Absorption of the amino acids to make proteins,
  glycol and fatty acids to make lipids occur in
  the small intestine
• Water is reabsorbed in the large intestine which
  stores solid waste

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• 48 Which system is responsible for producing
• enzymes that aid in breaking down substances
• to be absorbed for the bodys growth and repair?
• F Digestive system
• G Reproductive system
• H Respiratory system
• J Skeletal system

Look for what is happening breaking down for
absorption That is digestion! Answer?
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Respiratory System - 1
Nose Sinus Mouth Pharynx Larynx Trachea
Lungs Bronchi
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Respiratory System - 2

• The diaphragm contracts, expanding the chest to
  fill the lungs with air, rich in O2.
• Lungs are full of little sacs called alveoli,
  which have lots of blood vessels with high levels
  of CO2.
• Oxygen diffuses in, carbon dioxide diffuses out,
  and the diaphragm relaxes causing you to exhale.
• Air is filtered, warmed and moistened in the
  nose, mouth and pharynx.

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Excretory System

• This system is responsible for cleaning the blood
  and getting rid of liquid wastes.
• The kidneys, located near the lower back, are the
  primary filters, taking out excess water and
  wastes.
• Ureter tubes connect the kidneys to the bladder,
  which stores urine until it is passed out through
  the urethra.

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16 A portion of the human excretory system is
represented in the diagram. The order in which
urine flows through the system is

• F urethra ? bladder ? urethra ? kidney
• G ureter ? kidney ? bladder ? urethra
• H kidney ? ureter ? bladder ? urethra
• J bladder ? urethra ? kidney ? ureter

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Name the organs in order, they are Kidney
Ureter Bladder Urethra So it is answer H
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Circulatory System - 1

• This system helps to connect many other systems
  as it provides the transport of substances from
  one organ to another.
• Every cell must touch a blood vessel to take in
  what it needs and get rid of waste.
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart and
  veins carry it back to the heart.
• The heart pumps the blood

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Circulatory System - 2

• The top parts of the heart receive blood Atrium
  
• The bottom two are very muscular and pump the
  blood Ventricles
• Two contractions, right ventricle pumps to the
  lungs, and the left ventricle pumps to the body
  and brain.

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29 Nutrients from digested food move from the
digestive system directly into the
Endocine system does not transport anything. So
. . . Excretory system gets rid of waste CO2 and
H2O, not food. So . . Integumentary system
holds organs and tissues in place. So. . .

• A circulatory system
• B integumentary system
• C excretory system
• D endocrine system

The Circulatory System carries everything to
every cell, so it is . .
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• 25 The medulla, part of the brain stem, reacts
  quickly to increased levels of CO2 in the blood
  and stimulates a response from the
• A excretory system
• B immune system
• C respiratory system
• D integumentary system

Increased respiration gets rid of excess CO2
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Immune System - 1

• Your immune system protects you from infections
  and illness
• Your first line of defense is mucus, hair, and
  skin
• It protects you in a general way nonspecific

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Immune Responses

• 1st Order Non-specific includes swelling,
  inflammation, and fever.
• 2nd Order includes histamine release, white blood
  cells such as phagocytes and macrophages
  destroying the pathogens and infected tissue
  cells.

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Immune System - 2

• Two main types of immunity
• Natural you got sick, and now your body
  recognizes it. This is permanent.
• Acquiredvaccination or immunization shot this is
  temporary

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6 Most viruses infect a specific kind of cell.
Which of the following are infected by the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

• F Helper T cells
• G Liver cells
• H GABA-receptor cells
• J Red blood cells

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Ask yourself, which cell type deals with
immunity?

• F Helper T cells
• G Liver cells
• H GABA-receptor cells
• J Red blood cells

• Answer? Helper T cells.
• All the rest are body cells with specific jobs
  that do not relate to immunity.

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Tomorrow, Chemistry Review