Environmental Science Unit 9 Resource Management

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Environmental ScienceUnit 9Resource Management

• 9A Forestry (Chp. 11)
• 9B Soil Agriculture (Chp. 12)
• 9C Minerals Mining (Chp. 13)

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Unit 9 ABC Vocabulary (34)

• Acid drainage
• Adaptive management
• Aquaculture
• Bedrock
• Clear cutting
• Contour farming
• Crop rotation
• Deforestation
• Desertification
• Ecosystem based management
• Genetic Engineering

• Genetically modified organism (GMO)
• Irrigation
• Maximum Sustainable Yield
• Mineral
• Open Pit Mining
• Ore
• Organic agriculture
• Pesticide
• Placer mining
• Prescribed burn
• Rock
• Rock cycle

• Salinization
• Salvage logging
• Seed tree approach
• Selection system
• Smelting
• Soil degradation
• Strip mining
• Subsurface mining
• Terracing
• Tilling
• Weathering

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Unit 9A Forestry (Chp. 11)

• Page 323 Battling over Clayoquots Big Trees
  Central Case
• Decision Making Analysis
• What is the problem?
• What is your proposed solution?
• Analyze your solution 3 Pros, 3 Cons, 3
  Short-term consequences, 3 Long-term consequences
• Conclusion was your solution a good one? Why or
  Why not?

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Unit 9A Objectives

• Explain the importance of managing specific
  renewable resources such as water, soil, animals
  and timber
• Describe 3 different resource management
  approaches their goals
• Identify methods used to strike a balance between
  the ecological economic values of our resources
• Identify explain methods used to harvest timber
  sustainably

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11.1 Resource Management

• How can we manage renewable resources for
  sustainable use?

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Renewable Resource Management

• To manage resource harvesting so that resources
  are not depleted.
• Soil made by natural processes, but fertile
  topsoil can take can take hundreds of years to
  form major topsoil erosion concerns
• Fresh water maintaining clean, adequate
  supplies for drinking agriculture pollution
  issues
• Wild animals animals hunted legally are called
  game fishing has caused numbers to dwindle
  (cod) poaching, CITES, problems with enforcement
• Timber harvesting timber is essential to our
  standard of living forests are disappearing

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How We Use Land

• Non-urban lands include
• Forests (harvest timber for paper and lumber)
• Grasslands (support livestock and farmlands)
• Other (mineral resources)

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Resource Management Approaches

• Maximum Sustainable Yield harvest the maximum
  amount of a resource without reducing the amount
  of future harvests quicker growth at
  intermediate size well below carrying capacity
  could result in changes of other populations
• Ecosystem-Based Management harvest resources in
  ways that minimize impact on the ecosystems
  ecological processes that provide the resources
  challenging for managers
• Adaptive Management scientifically test
  different approaches then customize an approach
  based on the results can be time consuming
  complicated

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11.1 Review

• Define resource management. Why is it important?
• Describe the goals of maximum sustainable yield
  management, ecosystem-based management, and
  adaptive management. List a drawback of each.
• How may managing a resource for maximum
  sustainable yield sometimes conflict with what is
  best for its ecosystem?
• Besides answering the above 3 questions, complete
  the 11.1 review packet.

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11.2 Forests their Resources

• How can resource managers strike a balance
  between the ecological and economic value of
  forest resources?

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Forest Resources

• Ecological value different habitats,
  biodiversity (mature forests have more), prevent
  soil erosion, slow water run-off, reduce
  flooding, take in C02 release 02 (moderate
  climate)

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Forest Resources

• Economical value provide timber for many
  products, fuel for fires, building houses
  ships, paper, food medicine (fruit, nuts,
  spices, herbs come from forest plants), cancer
  treating drugs (Paclitaxel yew, rosy
  periwinkle)

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Timber Harvesting

• There are costs benefits to every method of
  timber harvesting
• 2 categories
• Even-aged stands result from regrowth of trees
  that were mostly cut at the same time
• Uneven-aged stands result from regrowth of
  trees that were cut at different times

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• Uneven stands typically have more biodiversity,
  offering more diverse habitats
• All methods of logging disturb forest
  communities, changing forest structure and
  composition as larger trees forming
  canopies/subcanopies are removed
• Most methods increase soil erosion, leading to
  muddy waterways and degrade animal habitats
• Most methods increase runoff, causing flooding
  landslides

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Clear-cutting

• The process that involves removing ALL of the
  trees from a land area
• Results in even-aged stands
• Destroys wildlife habitats
• Increases soil erosion
• Diminishes beauty
• Cost efficient
• Increases light to ground
• Begins secondary succession

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Seed Tree Approach

• Small numbers of mature and healthy
  seed-producing trees are left standing so that
  they can reseed the logged area
• Leads to regrowth that is mostly even-aged.

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Shelterwood Approach

• Small numbers of mature trees are left in place
  to provide shelter for seedlings as they grow.
• Leads to regrowth that is mostly even-aged.

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Selective Cutting

• Involves cutting only middle-aged or mature trees
• Has less impact on the forest than any other
  method
• Maintains wildlife/ecosystems

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Selection Systems

• Only some of the trees in a forest are cut at
  once
• Result in uneven-aged stands
• Single-tree selection trees spaced widely apart
  are cut one at a time
• Group selection small patches of trees are cut
• Roads compact soil, more expensive, more dangerous

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Deforestation

• Involves clearing trees from an area without
  replacing them
• Helps nations develop, but it can be ecologically
  destructive
• Provides warmth, shelter, trade, but causes
  soil degradation loss of biodiversity
• Negative effects are greatest in the tropical
  regions (loss of biodiversity) arid regions
  (loss of soil productivity)
• Adds CO2 to the atmosphere

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Deforestation
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Deforestation in the US

• By 1850s, we deforested our vast deciduous
  forests to expand, making way for small farms
• Timber built the cities of the East Coast and
  Midwest
• With the Industrial Revolution, logging moved to
  Texas, Florida and the Carolinas. Then the timber
  companies moved west for the bigger
  trees/old-growth forests

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Today

• Most of the redwoods, oaks and maples are no
  longer old-growth trees in North America, leading
  to a concern for old-growth ecosystems
• Deforestation is rapid in the Tropical Rain
  Forests of developing nations, leading to loss of
  biodiversity on a large scale and worsening
  global warming due to CO2 from burning as well as
  fewer trees

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Quick Lab Page 334A Trees History

• Turn to page 334 in your textbook, read the
  directions (1-3 in blue) and then answer
  questions 1-4 with your partner.

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11.2 Review

• What is one way a forest is ecologically
  valuable? What is one way a forest is
  economically valuable?
• How are clear-cutting and the shelterwood
  approach similar? How are they different? How do
  both differ from select systems?
• What, generally, is the current level of
  deforestation in the U.S.? In developing nations?
  How would you expect deforestation in developing
  nations to change in the next 100 years? Explain.
• Also, do 11.2 review packet.

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Forest Management 11.3

• What steps toward sustainable forestry have been
  taken in the last 100 years?

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US National Forests

• Logging in national forests is managed by the
  Forest Service, but profits go to timber
  companies
• Public lands set aside to grow trees for timber
  and to protect watersheds.
• Established in 1905 after deforesting our
  deciduous forests caused a fear of timber
  famine.

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National Forest Logging

• Timber is harvested by private timber companies.
• Forest Service plan manage timber sales build
  roads to provide access, but the logging
  companies receive the profits
• Taxpayers money is being used to help private
  corporations harvest publicly held resources for
  profit
• Recreation, wildlife, and ecosystem health are
  being urged

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National Forest Management Act 1976

• Multiple use forests were to be managed for
  recreation, wildlife habitat, mining and other
  uses in addition to timber
• NFMA requires plans for renewable resource
  management be drawn up for every national forest
  and to be consistent with multiple use and
  maximum sustainable yield.

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NFMA, continued

• Success stories logging has declined in
  national forests since the 1980s, and in 2006,
  tree regrowth outpaced tree removal on these
  lands by more than 111.
• Challenges in 2004, Bush passed regulations
  that weakened the NFMA repealed the roadless
  rule that had limited building new roads. In
  2009, Obama reinstated the roadless rule.

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Private Land

• Most logging in the US today takes place on tree
  plantations owned by timber companies
• Most harvesting is fast-growing tree species in
  the NW and South
• These plantations are mostly monocultures
  single crop, even-aged stands cut in rotation
  time and the land is replanted with seedlings
• Low biodiversity due to little variation

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Fire Policies

• Suppression of all wildfires can endanger
  ecosystems, property, and people.
• Many ecosystems depend on fire, and diversity
  abundance of species decline without it
• Jack pine seeds germinate only after a fire, and
  Kirtlands Warbler (songbird) nest in 5-7 year
  old jack pines

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Future Fire Potential

• Suppression of small, natural fires can lead to
  larger, more dangerous fires by allowing limbs,
  sticks leaf litter to build up
• Prescribed burns burning areas of forest under
  carefully controlled conditions, which ultimately
  lowers the risk of injury, property damage, and
  ecosystem loss from catastrophic wildfires.

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Healthy Forest Restoration Act

• Goal make forests less fire-prone
• Primarily promotes the removal of small trees,
  underbrush, and snags by timber companies
• Salvage logging removal of snags/dying trees
  following a natural disturbance
• Snag value insect food, holes provide
  nesting/roosting
• Removing timber from recently burned land can
  cause erosion soil damage, and slow forest
  regrowth

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Sustainable Forestry Products

• Sustainable forestry certification certifies
  products produced using methods they consider
  sustainable
• The Forest Stewardship Council has the strictest
  certification process, carry logos (FSC)
• 70 of annual timber harvest in British Columbia
  Canada is certified
• More costly, but consumers demand

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11.3 Review

• What are the roles of the Forest Service timber
  companies in logging US National Forests? What
  are the requirements of the NFMA?
• Generally, how does a tree plantations
  biodiversity differ from that of a natural
  forest? Give 2 reasons for your answer.
• Suppose you lived very close to a fire-prone
  forest where there had been no fire for many
  years, the Forest Service wanted to have a
  prescribe burn there. What are 2 questions you
  would ask the Forest Service?
• How do organizations such as the FSC decide
  whether to certify a product?
• Also, do 11.3 review packet.

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Unit 9B Soil AgricultureChapter 12

• Page 351 Chp. 12 Case Study Possible Transgenic
  Maize in Oaxaca, Mexico
• Analyze using Decision Making Model
• What is the problem?
• What is your proposed solution?
• Analyze your solution 3 Pros, 3 Cons, 3
  Short-term Consequences, 3 Long-term Consequences
• Conclusion Is your solution a good one? Why or
  Why not?

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Unit 9B Soil Agriculture Objectives

• Explain how soil forms, the horizons that make up
  a soil profile, the characteristics used to
  classify soil.
• Describe the practices that can lead to soil
  erosion, desertification, pesticide pollution
  and their resulting impacts economically
  environmentally.
• Describe the development of agriculture from its
  beginnings to the green revolution.
• Understand the increasing need to increase food
  production in a sustainable way.
• Explain how biotechnology may be the key to
  future food production, but it is not without
  risk.

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12.1 Soil

• We use about 38 of Earths land surface for
  agriculture, which depends on fertile soil
• Soil a complex plant-supporting system made up
  of disintegrated rock, remains wastes of
  organisms, water, gases, nutrients, and
  microorganisms.
• Soil is a renewable resource, it could take 100s
  or 1000s of years to make 1

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Factors that Influence Soil Formation

• Climate forms faster in warm, wet climates
• Organisms worms mix aerate soil, add organic
  matter
• Landforms runoff, erosion, leaching, exposure
  to sun
• Parent material chemical physical attributes
  influence soil
• Time soil formation takes time

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Soil Formation

• Soil is a complex substance that forms through
  weathering, deposition decomposition.
• Soil is roughly 45 mineral matter 5 organic
  matter.
• Parent material the base geological material in
  a particular location lava, glacier rock, sand
  dunes, river sediment, bedrock
• Bedrock continuous mass of solid rock that
  makes up the crust

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Weathering

• Physical chemical processes that break down
  rocks minerals into smaller particles, 1st
  process in soil formation
• Physical anything that touches a rock, ex.
  Wind, rain, temperature
• Chemical water other substances chemically
  break down the parent rock warm, wet conditions
  increase chemical weathering

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Deposition Decomposition

• Deposition the drop-off of eroded material at a
  new location erosion may help form soil in one
  area by depositing material eroded from another
• Decomposition activities of living formerly
  living things help form soil organisms deposit
  waste or die decompose, incorporating nutrients
  into the soil leaf litter, humus

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Soil Horizons

• A soil profile consists of layers known as
  horizons
• Soil profile a cross-section of all the soil
  horizons in a specific soil, from surface to
  bedrock
• Simplest way to categorize
• A topsoil
• B subsoil
• C weathered parent material

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Top soil

• Crucial horizon for agriculture and ecosystems
• Consists mostly of mineral particles with
  organic matter and humus
• Is the horizon that has the most plant nutrients
  available
• Its loose texture, dark color, and ability to
  hold water come from its humus content
• Topsoil is fragile, eroding or being depleted
  easily

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Lower Horizons

• Generally, particle size increases and organic
  matter decreases as you move down the profile
• Minerals leach downward as water filters through
  the soil
• If leaching occurs too quickly and plants are
  deprived of nutrients
• Iron, aluminum, and silicate clay are commonly
  leached out

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Soil Characteristics

• Soils can be classified by their color, texture,
  structure and pH
• Color darker soils are usu. richer in humus
  (nutrients) fertility
• Texture clay/silt/sand influences its
  workability and how porous it is
• Structure arrangement of soil particles,
  clumpiness is richer but may compact hinder
  roots
• pH affects plant growth acid rain

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12.1 Review

• Describe 3 major processes that contribute to the
  formation of most soils.
• What is a soil profile? Describe the A, B, and C
  horizons.
• What do each of the 4 characteristics of soil
  indicate about its ability to support plant life?
• Recall the analogy between soil coffee grounds
  (bottom page 355) in the section called Lower
  Horizons. In this analogy, what do you think the
  soil coffee consists of?
• In addition to the 4 questions above, complete
  the 12.1 packet.

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12.2 Soil Degradation Conservation

• Soil degradation deterioration of soil
  characteristics needed for plant growth or other
  ecosystem services
• Farmers have shown that the most productive soil
  is loam with a neutral pH that is workable,
  contains nutrients, and holds water.
• Human activities cause erosion, desertification
  pollution making soil less productive.

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Erosion

• Certain farming, ranching and forestry practices
  can erode soil, but other practices can protect
  it
• Erosion deposition are natural processes that
  can create soil flood-plains are excellent for
  farming
• Erosion usu. occurs faster than soil is formed
  erosion tends to remove top-soil and erosion can
  be hard to detect
• Erosion occurs from leaving soil bare after
  harvests, overgrazing rangeland clearcutting
  forests on steep slopes

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Farming Practices

• Plant cover protects soil from erosion by slowing
  wind water, roots hold soil in place and absorb
  water.
• Intercropping planting different crops in mixed
  arrangements gives more crop cover
• Crop rotation alternate crops in a field to
  return nutrients to the soil break disease
• Shelterbelts windbreaks, rows of trees
• No-till method plant between the rows
• Terracing staircase the plants, labor intense
• Contour farming plant sideways across a
  hillside, perpendicular to the hills slope

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Ranching Practices

• The raising and grazing of livestock affects
  soils and ecosystems.
• Livestock mostly feed on grasses.
• As long as livestock populations stay within a
  ranges carrying capacity and do not eat grasses
  faster than the grasses can grow back, grazing
  may be sustainable.

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Overgrazing

• When too many animals graze in an area for too
  long, and damage the grass beyond its ability to
  recover
• Soil erosion makes it difficult for vegetation to
  regrow
• Influx of non-native weeds
• Common in Florida

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Two Rangeland Management Techniques

1. Grazing management limit animal herd sizes
2. Range improvements eliminating weedy plants,
   planting vegetation on bare soil, cross fencing,
   and increasing the number of waterholes

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Desertification

• Loss of more than 10 of productivity due to
  erosion, soil compaction, forest removal,
  overgrazing, drought, salt buildup, climate
  change, depletion of water sources, etc.
• When overgrazing and harsh conditions convert
  rangeland to desert Dust Bowl
• Usually the land does not recover from this
  condition
• Ex. Fertile Crescent region
• Affects 1/3 of Earths land area

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Soil Conservation Policies

• 1935 Soil Conservation Act in response to the
  Dust Bowl
• 1994 renamed Natural Resources Conservation
  Service, expanded to include water quality
  pollution control
• Farmers must adopt soil conservation plans before
  they can receive government subsidies pay
  farmers to stop cultivating cropland that erodes
  easily, plant grasses trees

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The nation that destroys its soil destroys
itself.F.D.R.

• The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck describes
  the Dust Bowl of the 1930s
• Resulted from poor agricultural practices and
  severe drought
• This set the stage for wind erosion of the top
  soil

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International Programs

• United Nations promotes soil conservation
  sustainable agriculture through its Food
  Agriculture Organization (FAO)
• Supports creative approaches to resource
  management challenges in many developing
  countries
• Call on local leaders to educate and encourage
  local farmers

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Soil Pollution

• Irrigation Pesticide use can improve soil
  productivity in the short term, but pollute
  long-term
• Irrigation providing of water other than
  precipitation to crops
• Too much results in water-logged crops
  salinization (use drip method)
• Pesticides chemicals that kill organisms that
  attack plants
• Toxic, may remain in the soil, water,
  biomagnification, kills pollinators

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12.2 Review

• Describe one farming practice that can erode soil
  and one that can conserve soil.
• Explain how overgrazing and planting in poor soil
  can cause a cycle of desertification.
• In your own words, write one paragraph about the
  effects of the Conservation Reserve Program (pg.
  363, top paragraph).
• How can irrigation and pesticides cause soil
  pollution?
• Besides the above 4 questions, complete the 12.2
  review packet.

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12.3 Agriculture

• Began 10,000 years ago when a warmer climate
  allowed planting seeds raising livestock
• It went from hunter/gatherer to selective
  breeding settlement
• Traditional agriculture was performed by humans
  animals
• Industrial agriculture introduced large-scale
  mechanization fossil-fueled engines, replacing
  horse oxen with faster, more efficient means of
  harvesting, processing, transporting

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Industrial Agriculture

• Resulted in irrigation improvements synthetic
  fertilizers pesticides
• Produces huge amounts of crops livestock,
  relying on huge inputs of energy, water
  chemicals
• This requires large areas to be planted in a
  single crop (monoculture), increasing harvests
  but less biodiversity and more genetic similarity
  vulnerability to disease pests

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How can we feed more people in the world?

• Increase the crop yields with new varieties
• New farming techniques
• Or

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The Green Revolution

• Agricultural scientists introduced new
  technology, crop varieties farming practices to
  developing nations
• 1940s Norman Borlaug introduced Mexicos farmers
  to a specially bred strain of wheat, tripling
  their wheat production in 2 decades.
• Developing nations began applying large amounts
  of synthetic fertilizers chemical pesticides,
  liberally irrigating crops, using heavy
  equipment powered by fossil fuels.

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Environmental Effects of the Green Revolution

• Green Revolution saved millions of lives.
• Technology comes at a high energy cost
• Less additional land was needed, so it preserved
  some ecosystems
• Intensive application of water, inorganic
  fertilizers pesticides has worsened erosion,
  salinization, desertification, eutrophication,
  pollution. Increased fossil fuel use has
  increased air pollution global warming

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Pests

• Chemical pesticides since 1960, pesticide use
  has risen fourfold worldwide, continuing to rise
  in developing nations resistance!
• Biological pest control battle pests weeds
  with organisms that eat or infect them wasps
  caterpillars, soil bacterium (Bt), could create
  invasive species
• Integrated pest management combin-ing both of
  above to achieve the most effective long-term
  pest reduction

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Pollinators

• Most insects are harmless to agriculture some
  are essential
• Without pollination, plants cannot reproduce
  sexually
• Pollinators are among the most vital yet least
  appreciated factors in agriculture
• As pesticide use increases, pollinator
  populations decrease
• Pollinator conservation !!!!

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12.3 Review

• Write a paragraph describing when and how
  agriculture likely began. End with a description
  of the beginnings of selective breeding.
• How have industrial agriculture the green
  revolution affected the worlds population?
• How do (a) chemical pesticides, (b) biological
  control, and (c) integrated pest management
  protect crops from pests?
• How are pollinators important to crop
  agriculture?
• Besides the above 4 questions, do 12.3 review
  packet.

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12.4 Food Production

• How can we produce enough food for a rapidly
  growing population while sustaining our ability
  to produce it?
• Each year Earth gains 75 million people loses
  12-17 million acres of productive cropland
• Arable (suitable for farming) land is running
  out, yet world population of 9 billion is
  predicted by 2050

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Food Security

• Is the guarantee of an adequate reliable food
  supply for all people at all times
• Because hunger continues and the population is
  growing, we need to find a way to increase food
  production sustainably
• The worlds soils are in decline, nearly all
  arable land is being farmed
• We must maintain healthy soil water, protect
  biodiversity of food sources, ensure safe
  distribution

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Undernourished/Malnutrition

• Hunger is a problem not only in developing
  nations, but in the US as well
• Malnutrition shortage of nutrients the body
  needs lacks quantity and/or quality
• Kwashiorkor disease caused by eating too little
  protein bloating, poor hair quality, skin
  problems, developmental de-lays, lower immunity,
  anemia, sunken eyes

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Genetically Modified Organisms

• Genetic engineering any process in which
  scientists directly manipulate an organisms DNA
• Uses recombinant DNA technology scientists place
  genes that code for desired traits into the
  genomes of organisms lacking these traits
• Exs rapid growth, pest resistance, frost
  tolerance
• Biotechnology uses creation of geneti-cally
  modified organisms, development of medicines,
  clean up pollution, etc

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GM Crops

• GM crops are everywhere crops that resist
  herbicides, insect attack GM seed sales have
  increased rapidly in the US
• Over 85 of corn, soybeans, cotton canola crops
  are GM
• Risks resistance by pests, dangerous to eat?, GM
  genes will make their way into wild plants
• Benefits reduces use of insecticides therefore
  use of fossil fuels, increases no-till farming

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Industrial Food Production

• Feedlots concentrated animal feeding
  operations greater, more efficient production of
  food without degrading soil, manure can be used
  as fertilizer manure can contaminate bodies of
  water, high density increases antibiotic use,
  inhumane treatment of animals
• Aquaculture raising aquatic animals for food in
  controlled environments disease spread, lots of
  waste sustain-able, protects wild fish, less
  fossil fuel

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Plant Diversity

• Risk of GM genes moving into the wild by
  pollinators outcompete them leaving us with a
  monoculture in the wild farms
• Genetic diversity is decreasing
• Seed banks preserve seeds of diverse plants
• Production of meat for food is extremely
  inefficient, especially beef (eggs milk are
  efficient)

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Sustainable Agriculture

• Is agriculture that doesnt deplete soil faster
  than if forms, nor reduce amount or quality of
  soil, water, genetic diversity
• Organic agriculture use no synthetic
  fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides or
  herbicides production increasing with demand
• Low input agriculture uses smaller amounts of
  pesticides, fertilizers, etc.
• Locally supported agriculture average food
  product in US travels 1500 miles farm to shelf,
  often chemically treated to preserve it, less
  varieties local, fresh, in-season crops

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12.4 Review

• Why does the world need to grow more food? Why do
  the methods need to be sustainable?
• What is a genetically modified organism? What
  questions would you ask about a food made from
  genetically modified corn before eating it?
• What are 2 advantages 2 disadvantages of
  industrial food production?
• Do you think organic foods are worth the extra
  cost? Explain.
• In addition to above, do 12.4 Review Packet.

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Unit 9C - Minerals Mining

• Objectives
• Identify Earths major geological processes and
  hazards
• Describe the formation recycling of rocks
  minerals
• Identify Earths mineral resources describe the
  environmental effects of using them.
• Identify methods of using minerals more
  sustainably.

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Chp. 13 Case Study Mining for.Cell Phones?

• Page 391 Central Case
• Do a Decision-Making Analysis (15 pts.)
• What is the Problem? What is your proposed
  Solution? Now analyze your proposed solution 3
  Pros, 3 Cons, 3 Short-term consequences, 3
  Long-term consequences. Now, form a Conclusion
  about your proposed solution why.

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Minerals

• Mineral solid inorganic substance that is
  found in nature and consists of a single element
  or compound in an orderly, repetitive crystalline
  structure
• Mineral Resources minerals useful to humans

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Mineral Formation

• Formed by crystallization from magma or lava,
  from precipitation related to evaporation or
  hydrothermal solutions, from exposure to high
  pressure and temperature, or produced by
  organisms
• Rock solid mass of minerals/mineral-like that
  occurs naturally
• Rock cycle rocks are heated, melted, cooled,
  weathered, eroded as they slowly change between
  3 types of rocks igneous, sedimentary,
  metamorphic

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13.1 Review

• Which of the 5 criteria that define minerals
  explains why polymorphs are actually different
  minerals?
• How is the rate at which magma cools related to
  the size of the crystals in a mineral?
• Explain the processes that would cause the
  material in an igneous rock to become sedimentary
  rock and then metamorphic rock.
• Also, do 13.1 review packet (if assigned).

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Mining

• Involves breaking the ground to gain access to
  minerals, fossil fuel or water, and then
  extracting them
• Ore mineral that is mined so a metal can be
  removed from it
• Copper, iron, lead, gold silver, alum-inum are
  the most common metals
• Nonmetallic minerals include sand, grave,
  limestone, salt, gemstones
• Fuel sources include uranium, coal, petroleum,
  natural gas, etc

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Mining Methods

• Strip Mining machines clear away large strips
  of the Earths surface coal, sand gravel
• Subsurface mining vertical shafts horizontal
  tunnel networks are dug zinc, lead, nickel, tin,
  gold, copper, uranium
• Open-pit mining machines are used to dig large
  holes in the ground and remove mineral-containing
  rock copper, iron, gold, diamonds, coal, clay,
  gravel, sand, limestone

Open Pit Copper Mine
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Mining Methods, continued

• Mountaintop Removal used primarily for coal
  mining forests are clear-cut and the timber sold
  or burned, topsoil is removed and rock is blasted
  away
• Solution mining miners pump a chemical solution
  into a mine to leach the desired resource from
  the ore, removing the liquid after the solution
  has reacted with the ore salt mining
• Placer mining sifting through material in
  modern/ancient riverbed deposits gold mining
• Undersea Mining dredging the sea floor, limited
  as it is so expensive

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Effects of mining

• Wildlife habitat is lost
• Disruption of the land surface
• Land erosion
• Toxic substances left behind after processing

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Mining in Florida

• Sand
• Clay
• Phosphate
• Timber

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13.2 Review

1. In your own words, explain why all sources of
   valuable metals are not considered to be ore.
2. A mining geologist locates a horizontal seam of
   coal close to the surface. What type of method
   will the mining company most likely use to
   extract it? Explain your answer..why?
3. What are tailings?

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Mining Impacts Regulation

• Impacts include erosion, increased sediment
  debris, and pollution of water, land air.
• As mining continued to grow, the technology
  became more powerful and destructive to the
  environment
• Laws became necessary to control access, effects
  safety of miners
• Mining regulations that govern mining consider
  the environmental and safety impacts of mining
  along with the economic costs to the industry

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Regulations

• General Mining Law of 1872 enacted in response
  to gold mining governs mining on public lands,
  claim staking
• Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 governs leasing of
  public lands for mining of fossil fuels,
  phosphates, sodium sulfur
• Amending the General Mining Law critics say it
  gives away valuable public resources, defenders
  say mining companies take on great financial risks

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Regulations, continued

• Surface Mining Control Reclama-tion Act (1977)
  due to negative environmental effects of strip
  mining, govt requires coal mining companies to
  reclaim/restore the land after mining is
  completed still have acid drainage and
  non-native plant damage persisting for years
• Mining Safety ventilation require-ments,
  minimum age modern day mining safety is
  regulated under Federal Mine Safety Health Act

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Reclamation

• Restore the mined land to the condition it was in
  before mining began
• Mining companies should restore the land the
  same successional stage it was in when they mined
  it. Do you agree or disagree, and why?

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Responsible Mineral Use

• Because minerals are a nonrenewable resource, we
  need to be concerned about finite supplies and
  ways to use them more responsibly, such as
  reducing use, reusing and recycling minerals
• Increased cell phone use boosted demand for
  tantalum but decreased demand for copper used in
  wiring
• Recycled car batteries saves lead, half of
  aluminum used is recycled saving 1/20th the
  energy extracting it from ore

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13.3 Review

• Describe 2 ways that mines can continue to cause
  damage to communities even after mining is
  complete.
• Compare contrast the goals of the General
  Mining Law of 1872 and the proposed Hardrock
  Mining Reclamation Act of 2009.
• Although both minerals fossil fuels are
  nonrenewable resources, how is mineral use more
  sustainable than fossil fuel use?
• Also, if assigned, do 13.3 review packet.