Intro. to Behavioral Endocrinology, Third Edition

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Topic 14 Addendum on Thyroid Hormones
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Bernard Courtois biochemist who discovered
iodine in 1811
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Edward Kendall - isolated thyroxine in 1915
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Parafollicular cells (also called C cells) are
cells in the thyroid that produce and secrete
calcitonin. Cuboidal follicular cells (also
called principal cells) are cells in the thyroid
gland that produce and secrete thyroxine (T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3).
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Goiter a Thyroid condition
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A goiter (or goitre or bronchocele) is a
swelling in the thyroid gland which can lead to
pronounced swelling in the neck region.
Worldwide, the most common cause for goitre is
iodine deficiency. In countries that use
iodized salt, Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (HT) is the
most common cause. HT is an autoimmune disease
in which the thyroid gland is gradually destroyed
by a variety of cell and antibody mediated immune
processes. It was the first disease to be
recognized as an autoimmune disease.
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Conditions of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
in their various forms can also contribute to
development of goiter. Here we see a few of the
many thyroid-pituitary interactions that can
result in hyperthyoid or hypothyroidism.
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Chapter 13 Bonus Feature 2 Predendum on
Catecholamines
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epinephrine
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Catecholamines various hormones that are
released by the adrenal glands (and other sites)
in response to stress. They are part of the
sympathetic nervous system. These hormones are
collectively referred to as catecholamines
because they contain a catechol group, and are
derived from the amino acid tyrosine. The two
primary forms we know are Epinephrine (E) be
careful in using this abbreviation because it is
also used for estrogen Norepinephrine
(NE) However, the neurotransmitter dopamine is
also a catecholamine Dopamine (DA) - dopamine
oxidation is suspected as being responsible for
symptoms of schizophrenia and may be involved in
producing Parkinsonism.
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Capsule
Zona glomerulosa
Adrenal gland
Zona fasciculata
Medulla
Cortex
Zona reticularis
Kidney
Adrenal medulla
(a)
(b)
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Stress
Short term
More prolonged
Hypothalamus
CRH (corticotropin- releasing hormone)
Nerve impulses
Spinal cord
Corticotroph cells of anterior pituitary
To target in blood
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers
Adrenal cortex
ACTH
Adrenal medulla
Short-term stress response
Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids

• 1. Increased heart rate
• 2. Increased blood pressure
• 3. Liver converts glycogen to glucose
• and releases glucose to blood
• 4. Dilation of bronchioles
• 5. Changes in blood flow patterns
• leading to decreased digestive
• system activity and reduced
• urine output
• 6. Increased metabolic rate

Long-term stress response
Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

• 1. Retention of sodium and
• water by kidneys
• 2. Increased blood volume
• and blood pressure

• 1. Proteins and fats
• converted to glucose
• or broken down for
• energy
• 2. Increased blood glucose
• 3. Suppression of immune
• system

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Adrenergic having or pertaining to adrenalin
(E) or (NE) Cholinergic having or pertaining
to acetylcholine (the most common
neurotransmitter) Exogenous substances that
stimulate cholinergic receptors include nicotine
and muscarine (these substances are called
cholinomimetic agents)
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Muscarine is a chemical compound found in some
mushrooms, particularly a number of inocybe and
clitocybe species. It is known to be toxic.
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Taxi Driver in India visiting the
Coffee Shop He is stimulating his
nicotinic receptors via the hookah.
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13.3 Continuum of mood from depression to mania
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13.4 Cortisol secretion and depression (Part 1)
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13.4 Cortisol secretion and depression (Part 2)
Dexamethasone is a potent synthetic member of the
glucocorticoid class of steroid hormones. It acts
as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant.
Its potency is about 20-30 times that of
hydrocortisone and 4-5 times of prednisone.
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13.4 Cortisol secretion and depression (Part 3)
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13.5 Cortisol and mood
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13.6 Phototherapy may ameliorate seasonal
affective disorder (SAD)
Individuals with SAD received therapies on AM and
PM intervals.
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13.7 The serotonergic synapse
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13.8 Light exposure affects both onset time and
level of melatonin secretion (Part 1)
N normal subjects melatonin secretion occurs
earlier SAD individuals and melatonin secretion
occurs later prior to treatment and becomes
similar to N after treatment
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13.8 Light exposure affects both onset time and
level of melatonin secretion (Part 2)
Higher melatonin levels are associated with less
light exposure (open circles)
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13.10 Outdoor light is far brighter than
artificial light
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13.11 Patterns of melatonin secretion in
seasonal depression (Part 1)
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13.11 Patterns of melatonin secretion in
seasonal depression (Part 2)
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Bonus Feature 3 Effects of Insulin on Glucose
Metabolism
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