Welcome COMP1070

1
Welcome COMP1070

• Dr .Hayk Melikyan
• Departmen of Mathematics and CS
• gmelikian_at_wpo.nccu.edu

2
Goals

• Computer Based Society
• The Nature of Computers
• Computer Usage
• Basics of Computer Systems
• Computer Hardware
• Computer Software
• History of Computers

3
Computer Literacy

• Awareness as you study about computers, you
  will become
• more aware of their importance, their versatility
  and
• pervasiveness in our society
• Knowledge What they are and how they work. This
  requres learning technical staff but do nor
  worry.
• Interaction Being able to use a computer for
  some simple applications.

4
The nature of computers

• Every computer has three fundamental
  characteristics and
• each characteristic has by products that are
  just as
• Important. The three characteristics are
• Speed
• Reliability
• Storage capability
• These characteristics have the following
  by-products
• Productivity
• Decision making
• Cost reduction

5
Where Computers Are Used

• Computers can do just anything imaginable, they
  are
• everywhere. Here some of principle areas if
  computer use
• Graphics, Retailing, Energy
• Paperwork, Control, Money
• Government, Education, Health and
  Medicine
• The Science, Robotics.

6
An Overview of Computers

• The computer System has three main components
• Hardware, Software and people.
• Hardware the equipment associated with a
  computer system ( things you can see)
• Software a set of instructions that tells the
  hardware what to do.( also referred to as
  program)
• People the most important component of system-
  uses power of computer
• Program a set of step-by-step instructions,
  created by people, that directs the computer to
  do the task you want it to do.

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What Is a Computer ?

• A computer is a machine that can be programmed to
  accept
• data ( input), process it into useful
  information ( output)
• and store it away ( in a secondary storage
  device) for later
• reuse.
• The processing of input to output is directed by
  the software
• but is performed by hardware
• To function, a computer system requires four main
  aspects of
• data handling
• Input, processing, output and storage

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Input and input devices

• Input is the data that you put into the computer
  system for
• Processing.
• Here are some common ways of feeding input into.
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Scanner
• Terminal device

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Processor

• In computer the processor is the center of
  activity. The
• processor, is also called the central processing
  unit (CPU) .
• It is the CPU that actually transforms the data
  into
• information.
• data raw of symbols( input) to be processed.
• Information that is processed data- it is
  organized,
• meaningful and useful.

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Central Processing Unit
At the hart of computer lies the central
processing unit CPU. It consists of single chip
or a small number of chips. The Pentium chip is
composed of 3 million structural elements called
transistors
11
CPU in Details
12
Computer Memory,

• also known as primary storage, is closely
  connected to the
• CPU but it is separated from it.Memory is place
  where the
• data is kept after it is being inputted into the
  system, as
• well as the place where data are kept before it
  has been
• released to the output device.
• In addition memory holds the program ( compute
  instructions)
• needed by the CPU
• Memory can hold data only temporarily because it
  requires a
• continuous flow of electric current if the
  current is
• interrupted, the data is lost.
• (volatile,not a permanent.)

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• The main memory is comprises a number of storage
• locations with each location having an address.
• The size is typically 1 byte, which is made
  up of 8 bit
• And the bit is smallest unit of storage that can
  store a
• 1 or 0
• The address of location is positive integer first
  location
• have an address 0.

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RAM Chips

• The computers stores data and programs in memory.
  There
• are two kinds of memory
• Primary storage (very fast but expensive )
• RAM ( rendom access memort) and ROM ( read only
  memory)
• Disadvantages of RAM ,expensive and volatile.

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Secondary storage( secondary memmory)

• Provides additional storage separated from main
  memory.
• Two most common secondary storage media are
  magnetic
• disks and ( usually 3.5 inch diameter )
• hard disk, usually more storage capacity and
  offers fast
• access to the data
• optical disks, such as CD- ROMs, relatively
  inexpensive
• storage of large volume of data.
• magnetic tape, which usually comes on a cartridge

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Output

• The result produced by the computers CPU- is , of
  course, a
• computers whole for being. It is a usable
  information.
• Common for of outputs are
• text,
• numbers,
• graphics,
• sound
• The most common output devices are computer
  screen ( the
• display part of monitor) and printers. You can
  produce output
• from a computer in other ways(film, voice output,
  music)

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Complete hardware system

• The hardware devices attached to the computer are
  called
• peripheral equipment. They includes all input,
  output, and
• secondary storage devices. In personal computers,
  the CPU
• and disk drives all all contained in a same
  housing, but in
• large systems they may be separated

18
Schematic Diagram of a Personal Computer
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Classification of Computers

• Computers come in size from tiny to monsters.
• Supercomputers the mightiest, the most
  expensive( XX millions of dollars ), the fastest
  ( trillions instructions per second)
• Mainframes large computers, fast (millions
  instructions per second), expensive ( several
  hundred thousand to several millions)
• Minicomputers next step down from mainframe
  computers- primarily use by businesses and
  schools
• Personal Computers ( PCs) these desktop
  computers are also known as microcomputers or
  home computers.
• Workstations the upper-end machines used by
  workers .
• Notebook Computers - that fits in a brafecase (
  laptop)
• Personal Digital Assistant ( PDA) pan based
  computers

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Pentium Chips
At the hart of computer lies the central
processing unit CPU. It consists of single chip
or a small number of chips. The Pentium chip is
composed of 3 million structural elements called
transistors
21
Hard Disk
Secondary storage, usually a hard disk less
expensive and permanent nonvolatile
22
A High-Capacity Floppy Disk and Its Drive
23
A CD-ROM Drive
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Tape Backup Drives and Data Tape
25
A Personal Computer
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A Motherboard
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Alan Turing

Turing introduced the theoretical model of
computer the Turing Machine while he was at
Princeton in 1936. A Turing machine is a simple
specification that defines what a computer is. A
digital cellphone is a Turing Machine
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Computing History

• The early years The first "computers" were
  people. Their job was to perform various
  scientific calculations as rapidly and error-free
  as possible.
• One of the first and most important computer
  scientists was an English mathematician, Alan
  Turing. He discovered the mathematics of
  computers.

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• The first large-scale digital computer built
• in the U.S. was developed at the Moore School
• of Electrical Engineering of the University
• of Pennsylvania around 1946. This machine was
• named ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator
• and Computer). Its original purpose was to
• calculate tables of ballistic trajectories.
• WWII had just spread to North Africa and the
• desert terrain was making existing tables
• obsolete.

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The ENIAC / 1946 ( electronic numerical
integrator and computer)
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• Hungarian scientist John von Neumann came up
• with the idea of storing the program in the
• computer itself. von Neumann did most of his
• early work on stored programs and on
• organization of computing machines while he
• was at Princeton in the 1940s. We still use
• The "von Neumann Architecture" today.

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John von Neumann

• He solved one of D. Hilbert's 23 theoretical
  problems and
• collaborated on developing an algebraic ring with
  profound
• applications in quantum physics. During World War
  II he
• participated in the development of the atomic
  bomb. After
• the war he made major contributions to the
  development of
• high-speed computers one of his computers was
  essential to
• the creation of the hydrogen bomb. As coauthor of
  Theory of
• Games and Economic Behavior (1944), he was one of
  the
• founders of game theory. He coined the term
  cybernetics.

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1970s until today

• In the late 1970s Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak
  built the first Apple computers in Jobs' garage.
• Bill Gates revolutionized the world of computing
  by providing a simple operating system, MS-DOS to
  IBM for personal computer
• In the early 1990s, the internet went public.
  Marc Andreessen, a student at the University of
  Illinois, released the first version of "Mosaic
  for X". Mosaic was a browser for the World Wide
  Web Mosaic was the forerunner of Netscape and
  Andreessen was one of its founders.

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Pre 90 facts

• 1945 Grace Hopper showed the world the first
• known programming bug
• 1953 IBM shipped its first electronic computer,
• the 701
• 1957 FORTRAN was created. It was the first major
• language to support loops.
• 1960 LISP was created, with major applications in
• artificial intelligence
• 1964 BASIC was created by Kurtz and Kemeny at
• Dartmouth
• 1968 Data General introduced Nova, a 32K computer
  
• with a selling price of 8000
• 1970 The first bank ATM was introduced in Georgia
  

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• 1974 The first computer mouse 1976
• Wozniac shows the world Apple I
• 1981 IBM came out with the IBM PC, which
• used DOS as its operating system
• 1984 Apple came out with the Macintosh
• computer
• 1985 Bjourne Stroustrup introduces C
• 1990 Microsoft introduces Windows 3.0
• 1995 SunMicrosystems(James Gosling)
• announces Java as a new programming
• language

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HW 1 Read lecture and look for more information
on web.

• Please send the your comments via email to
• gmelikian_at_wpo.nccu.edu
• and hand in hard copy by the beginning of the
  class