Skeleton System

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Skeleton System
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Classification of bone

• Based on Location
• Axial and Appendicular
• Based on Shape
• Long, short, flat, Sesamoid, irregular
• Based on Ossification
• Endochondral and Intramembranous

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Based on location

• Axial
• Formed from 80 named bones
• Consists of skull, vertebral column, and bony
  thorax
• Appendicular
• Remaining 126 bones of
• Thoracic girdle
• Pelvic girdle
• Attached limbs

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5 classes based on shape
A. Long B. Short C. Flat bones- D. Irregular
bone E- Sesamoids bone
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Classification of Bones

• Long bones
• Longer than wide
• a shaft plus two ends
• primarily compact bone
• Short bones
• roughly cube-shaped
• - mostly spongy bone

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Classification of Bones

• Flat bones
• thin and flattened, usually curved
• contain two roughly parallel compact bone
  surfaces with a layer of spongy bone between them
• Irregular bones
• various shapes, do not fit into other categories
  complicated shapes
• consist mainly of spongy bone enclosed by thin
  layers of compact bone
• Sesamoid bone-usually small, round, flat,
  associated with tendons,
• patella, proximal/distal sesamoid bones

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Anatomy of a long bone- 1. diaphysis
(dy-AF-I-sis)- 2. epiphysis (e-PIF-I-sis)-
3. Epiphyseal cartilage (physis, growth
plate)- plate of cartilage between diaphysis and
epiphysis of immature long
bones, where lengthening of long bones occurs
4. metaphysis (me-TAF-I-sis)- The joining point
of the diaphysis and epiphysis in growing bone
the part of the epiphyseal cartilage being
replace by bone.
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5. nutrient foramen- 6. periosteum-
connective tissue surrounding the bone that is
not covered by articular cartilage necessary for
bone growth, repair, and attachment of
ligaments/tendons. 7. articular surface-
smooth layer of hyaline cartilage covering the
epiphysis, involved in joint formation. 8.
medullary cavity- 9. endosteum- 10. compact
bone- gross term for the part of the bone that
looks solid 11. spongy bone - gross term for
the part of the bone with visible spaces
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Based on Ossification- Two types of
Ossification 1. Intramembranous
Ossification- 2. Endochondral Ossification-
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Axial vs. Appendicular

• Skull
• Vertebral column
• Thoracic cage

• Remaining bones of
• Thoracic girdle
• Pelvic girdle
• Attached limbs

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Appendicular skeleton

• Consists of
• Thoracic girdles
• Clavicle
• Scapula
• Attached limbs
• Pelvic girdles
• Pelvic bones
• Attached limbs

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The shoulder girdle and upper limb

• Clavicle
• Scapula
• Each upper extremity
• Humerus
• Radius
• Ulna
• Carpal bones
• Metacarpal
• Phalanges

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Scapula

• Is a flat triangular-shaped bone
• Have
• 3 borders
• Cranial, caudal, Dorsal
• 3 angles
• Cranial, caudal, Ventral
• 3 fossae
• Supraspinous, infraspinous, subscapular

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The humerus

• Long bone
• It is consist of
• Proximal end (head)
• Neck
• Shaft
• Distal end

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The ulna and Radius

• The two bones of the forearm
• The proximal Ext. of ulna is medial to the radius
• The distal Ext. of ulna is lateral to the radius
• Ulna
• Proximal end, shaft, distal end (head)
• Proximal end
• Olecranon process
• Trochlear notch

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The Carpal bones (bones of the wrist)

• The carpal bones (are Seven in number).
• Proximal row
• Ulnar, accessory, Intermedioradial Carpal
• Distal row
• 1th , 2nd , 3rd , 4th Carpal

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The metacarpal

• Five in the number

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The Phalanges

• There are 14 phalanges
• Each finger have 3 phalanges
• Thumb (have two)