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The Skeletal System

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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Lindsey Bily Austin High School Anatomy & Physiology Ch. 7, 8 & 9 in your textbook – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: The Skeletal System


1
The Skeletal System
  • Lindsey Bily
  • Austin High School
  • Anatomy Physiology
  • Ch. 7, 8 9 in your textbook

2
Types of Bone
  • Compact Bone Dense or solid in appearance.
  • Cancellous (Spongy) Bone has open spaces (looks
    like a sponge, wow, I wonder how they came up
    with that name?)
  • The 4 types of bone have different amounts of
    compact and cancellous bone.

3
Long Bones
  • They are long, hence the name.
  • Examples Humerus and femur

4
Short Bones
  • They are cube or box-shaped.
  • Examples Carpals in the wrist and tarsals in the
    ankle

5
Flat Bones
  • Broad and thin with a flattened and often curved
    surface.
  • Examples certain skull bones, sternum, scapulae,
    ribs

6
Irregular Bones
  • Usually found in groups and come in various sizes
    and shapes. Thats why they are called IRREGULAR.
  • Examples vertebrae, facial bones.

7
Parts of the Long Bone
  • 1. Diaphysis (di-AF-i-sis) main portion that is
    hollow, cylindrical and is composed of compact
    bone.
  • 2. Epiphyses (e-PIF-i-sis) at both ends of the
    long bone, they have a bulbous shape and are
    composed of spongy bone. The spongy bone
    contains red bone marrow.
  • 3. Articular Cartilage thin layer of hyaline
    cartilage that covers the joint surfaces of the
    epiphyses. Cushions jolts and blows.
  • 4. Periosteum (pair-ee-OS-tee-um) membrane that
    covers the bone (contains bone forming and bone
    destroying cells and blood vessels).
  • 5. Medullary (marrow) cavity tubelike, hollow
    space in the diaphysis that contains yellow
    marrow in adults.
  • 6. Endosteum (end-OS-tee-um) A thin epithelial
    membrane that lines the medullary cavity.

8
Parts of the Long Bone
9
Bone (Osseous) Tissue
  • Bones have an Inorganic and an Organic Matrix.
  • Inorganic Matrix
  • Bones are calcified (contain calcium phosphate
    (Ca3(PO4)2) which is why they are hard and so
    strong.
  • Magnesium, sodium, sulfate, and fluoride are also
    found in bone.

10
Bone (Osseous) Tissue
  • Organic Matrix
  • Ground Substance composed of collagenous fibers,
    protein, and polysaccharides.
  • Chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine are required
    for repair and maintenance of bone and cartilage.
    People take it to treat arthritis pain.

11
Compact Bone Microscopic Level
  • Remember OSTEONS? Theyre baaaa-aaaack
  • Osteons are also called Haversian systems, who
    discovered them.
  • They are cylindrically shaped structural units of
    bone.
  • The structure of the osteons allows for the
    delivery of nutrients and the removal of waste
    from the bone cells that are imprisoned in bone.

12
Osteons
  • There are no empty spaces in compact bone, it is
    made up of lots of osteons (Haversian System).
  • Each ring is called a concentric lamella and
    resemble rings in an onion.
  • These surround the Haversian canal, which contain
    blood vessels.
  • Osteocytes are bone cells
  • Nutrients pass from the blood vessel in the
    Haversian canal through canaliculi, tiny passages
    or canals, to osteocytes located in little spaces
    called lacunae.

13
Osteons
14
Cancellous Bone Microscopic Level
  • No osteons in cancellous (spongy) bone.
  • Consists of needle-like bony spikes called
    trabeculae.
  • Bone cells are found in the trabeculae.
  • Spongy bone lies between two layers of compact
    bone like an Oreo cookie.
  • The trabeculae are organized so that they are
    able to handle the stress that is put on the bone
    so that the bone is stronger.

15
Cancellous Bone
16
Bone
A Spongy Bone B Compact Bone C Medullary Cavity
17
Bone Cells
  • Three major types found in bone
  • Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells)
  • They are small and make osteoid which is in the
    ground substance of bone which then can absorb
    calcium and phosphate.
  • Osteoclasts (bone-reabsorbing cells)
  • They are giant cells and have multiple nuclei and
    they erode the bone minerals. They contain lots
    of lysosomes and mitochondria.
  • Osteocytes (mature bone cells)
  • They are nondividing osteoblasts that are
    surrounded by bone and lie in the lacunae.

18
Osteoblasts
19
Osteoclasts
20
Osteocytes
  • Since osteocytes are surrounded by bone, they
    must have a way to get nutrients. They have
    projections that extend into the canaliculus in
    the bone that allows them to get nutrients.

21
Bone Marrow
  • This is where blood cells are made and is found
    in the medullary cavities of certain long bones
    in and the spaces of spongy bone in some areas.
  • In the infant and child, virtually all marrow is
    red marrow. It produces red blood cells.
  • As we age, the red marrow is replaced by yellow
    marrow which contains lots of fat and does not
    produce red blood cells.
  • Bones in the adult that still contain red marrow
    are the ribs, vertebrae, ends of the humerus,
    pelvis, and femur.

22
Bone Marrow
  • If we have a low blood supply due to injury,
    exposure to radiation or toxic chemicals and
    certain diseases the yellow marrow will change to
    red marrow.
  • A bone marrow transplant may be required if the
    marrow is severely damaged.
  • Healthy bone marrow from a compatible donor is
    injected into the blood and if the recipients
    immune system doesnt reject it, new, healthy
    bone marrow can grow.

23
Functions of Bone
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Mineral Storage
  • Bones store calcium, phosphorus, magnesium,
    fluoride, etc
  • Hematopoiesis
  • Blood cell formation done in the red marrow in
    the epiphyses of long bones, flat bones of the
    skull, pelvis, sternum, and ribs.

24
Regulation of Calcium Blood Levels
  • Bones store 98 of the bodys calcium reserves
  • We need a certain level of calcium in our blood
    in order for our muscles to contract, heart to
    pump, blood to clot and nerves to fire.
  • Calcium moves in and out of the bone into the
    blood to maintain homeostasis.
  • Osteoblasts take calcium out of blood and into
    bone.
  • Osteoclasts take calcium out of bone and into the
    blood.

25
Regulation of Blood Calcium Levels
  • Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
  • Released by the parathyroid glands which lie on
    the thyroid gland in your neck.
  • When calcium levels are LOW, parathyroid hormone
    is released which stimulates the osteoclasts to
    break down bone and release calcium into the
    blood.
  • PTH also increases calcium absorption from the
    urine and stimulates Vitamin D synthesis which
    stimulates the intestines to absorb calcium more
    efficiently.

26
Regulation of Blood Calcium Levels
  • Calcitonin
  • Hormone released by the THYROID gland
  • When blood calcium levels are too HIGH,
    calcitonin is released.
  • Calcitonin stimulates the osteoblasts and
    inhibits the osteoclasts so that calcium is taken
    out of the blood and put into the bone.
  • http//bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp42
    /4202003.html

27
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28
Development of Bone
  • When the skeleton begins to form it is made of
    cartilage shaped like bones. Over time the bones
    calcify.
  • Osteogenesis (osteo-bone genesis creation)
    is when the cartilage undergoes calcification.

29
Growing Taller
  • As a person is growing, there is a line of
    cartilage in between the epiphysis and the
    diaphysis in the long bones called the epiphyseal
    plate.
  • You grow taller when the plate grows bigger, then
    becomes ossified.
  • Once a person is no longer growing taller, the
    plate totally ossifies.

30
Bone Fractures
  • Fracture is a break in the bone.
  • Open or Compound Fracture the broken bone goes
    through the surrounding tissue and skin. Risk of
    infection is high.
  • Closed or Simple Fracture does not produce a
    break in the skin.
  • Complete Fracture break across the entire
    section of bone.
  • Incomplete Fracture partial break in the bone

31
Bone Fractures
32
Bone Disorders Diseases
  • Neoplasms (new growth)
  • Osteochondroma tumor that develops early in life
    and causes projections (spurs) at the ends of the
    long bones. Usually they are benign but
    sometimes can become cancer.
  • Osteosarcoma malignant tumor in the bone tissue
    that is the most fatal. Almost 10 of patients
    grow tumors in the lungs and other organs.
  • Chondrosarcoma malignant tumor in the hyaline
    cartilage. Slow growing and occurs most often in
    middle aged people. Chemotherapy usually doesnt
    work, so amputation of the affected area usually
    occurs.

33
Bone Disorders Diseases
  • Osteoporosis Excessive loss of calcified matrix,
    minerals, and collagen fibers. Bones become
    porous, brittle and fragile. They can fracture
    easily.
  • Pagets disease Have a lot of osteoclast growth
    which in turn will cause the body to produce more
    osteoblasts. Since there are so many bone cells,
    the remodeling process is too rapid and
    disorganized. The bones are poorly made and
    weakened. Sometimes patients feel pain in their
    bones and may have fractures, but most people
    dont have symptoms
  • Osteomylelitis Bacterial, fungal or viral
    infection of the bone and bone marrow. Usually
    associated with another infection.

34
The Skeleton
  • Terms used to describe bone markings
  • Condyle rounded bump that usually fits into the
    fossa on another bone, forming a joint
  • Foramen round hole in bone that allows vessels
    and nerves to go through.
  • Fossa depression in the bone that often receives
    an articular bone.
  • Meatus tubelike opening or channel
  • Process a raised area or projection
  • Sinus cavity within a bone
  • Trochanter Large bump on bone for muscle
    attachment
  • Tuberosity smaller than a trochanter and a bump
    for muscle attachment

35
The Skeleton
  • The human skeleton is composed of 206 bones and
    divided into two sections.
  • Axial Skeleton
  • Appendicular Skeleton

36
The Axial Skeleton
  • Composed of the bones of the
  • Skull
  • Hyoid Bone
  • Vertebral Column
  • Sternum
  • Ribs

37
The Skull
  • Composed of 28 irregular bones
  • Divided into two sections
  • Cranium
  • Face

38
Cranial Bones
  • Sutures are where 2 cranial bones fuse together.
  • Frontal Bone (forehead)
  • Contains sinuses which are lined with mucous
    membranes and filled with air.
  • Parietal Bones
  • There are two on both upper sides of your head.
    Fuse with the frontal bone.
  • Temporal Bones
  • there are two on the lower sides of your head.
    They house the middle and inner ear

39
Cranial Bones
  • Occipital Bone
  • There is one at the lower, posterior part of your
    skull.
  • Sphenoid Bone
  • Looks like a bat with its wings outstretched.

40
The Cribiform Plate
  • This is a part of the ethmoid bone that separates
    the nasal from the cranial cavities.
  • It has many small holes in it so that the
    olfactory nerve can go from the nose to the
    brain.
  • It is very dangerous though because infections in
    the nose and nasal cavities can have a tendency
    to reach the brain.
  • Also, if the cribiform plate is fractured, shards
    of bone may enter the brain.

41
Facial Bones
  • Bones you need to know
  • Maxillae
  • Mandible (jaw bone)
  • Zygomatic bone (the cheekbone)
  • Nasal bones

42
Hyoid Bone
  • A single bone in the neck.
  • It is the only bone in the body that does not
    articulate (touch) another bone.
  • U shaped and you can feel it just above the
    larynx (voice box)
  • The tongue muscle and other mouth muscles attach
    to it.

43
Vertebral Column
  • The spinal column
  • Flexible and segmented
  • Consists of 24 vertebrae and the sacrum and
    coccyx
  • The head is balanced on the top
  • The ribs are suspended in the front
  • The lower extremities are attached below
  • The spinal cord is enclosed within.

44
Vertebral Column
  • The vertebrae are separated into divisions
  • 7 cervical vertebrae
  • 12 thoracic vertebrae
  • 5 lumbar vertebrae (includes the sacrum and the
    coccyx)

45
Atlas and Axis
  • Atlas first cervical vertebra (C1)
  • Has concave ovals that the condyles of the
    occipital bone fit on like a rocker-like cradle.
  • Named Atlas after the titan in Greek mythology
    because it supports the head as Atlas supports
    the world.
  • Axis 2nd cervical vertebra (C2)
  • Named the axis because the atlas rotates about on
    it like a pivot.

46
Sternum and Ribs
  • Top of the sternum is called the manubrium.
  • The first 7 ribs attach to the sternum. Called
    True Ribs
  • The remaining 5 ribs dont attach to the sternum
    and are called False Ribs
  • The last two pairs of False Ribs do not attach
    and are called Floating Ribs

47
The Appendicular Skeleton
  • Upper Extremity
  • The shoulder girdle is composed of the clavicle
    and scapula
  • i.e. the collarbone and the shoulder blades
  • The Arms are composed of the humerus, radius and
    ulna.
  • Humerus upper arm
  • Radius on the thumb side when in anatomical
    position.
  • Ulna on the pinky side when in anatomical
    position
  • The Hand
  • Carpals the bones of the wrist
  • Metacarpals bones of the hand
  • Phalanges fingers

48
The Appendicular Skeleton
49
The Appendicular Skeleton
  • Lower Extremity
  • Includes bones of the hip, thigh, lower leg,
    ankle and foot.
  • The pelvis is composed 2 coccal bones which are
    connected to the sacrum posteriorly and by the
    pubic symphysis anteriorly.

50
The Appendicular Skeleton
  • Femurs
  • Thigh bones connected to the pelvis.
  • Longest and heaviest bones in the body.
  • Patella (kneecap)
  • Lower leg bones
  • Tibia the larger, and stronger bone. Is placed
    medially and superficially. Holds the bodys
    weight.
  • The proximal end of the tibia articulates with
    the femur to form the knee joint.
  • Fibula the smaller bone. Is placed laterally and
    deep.

51
The Appendicular Skeleton
  • The Foot
  • Similar to the hand bones.
  • Tarsals (ankle)
  • Metatarsals ( foot bones)
  • Phalanges (toes)

52
Skeletal Differences Between Men and Women
  • The male skeleton is larger and heavier.
  • The male pelvis is deep and funnel shaped
  • The female pelvis is shallow and broad.
  • Skull
  • Forehead in male is shorter
  • The mandible and maxilla in the male are larger
  • Facial area is more pronounced
  • The processes (projections) are more prominent.

53
Male vs. Female Pelvis
54
Articulations
  • Articulations are joints, which are points of
    contact between bones.
  • Some allow a lot of movement, some are completely
    immovable.
  • Can be named based on their functionality (degree
    of movement) or based on their structure (what
    type of connective tissue holds the bones
    together or if the joint has a fluid filled
    capsule)

55
Primary Joint Classifications
  • Synarthroses are Fibrous Joints that are
    immovable.
  • Ex. Sutures of the skull
  • Amphiarthroses are Cartilaginous Joints that are
    slightly movable.
  • Ex. Symphysis Pubis
  • Diarthroses are Synovial Joints that have a fluid
    filled capsule and are freely movable.
  • Shoulder joint

56
Synarthroses (Fibrous Joints)
  • The bones that have synarthroses fit very closely
    together. Most of the joints are fixed.
  • Syndesmoses (SIN-dez-MO-ses) joints where two
    ligaments (fibrous bands) connect two bones.
  • Ex. Distal ends of the radius and ulna are joined
    together by the radioulnar interosseous ligament.
  • Sutures found only in the skull. Fit together by
    teethlike projections that interlock. Sutures
    start out fibrous tissue, but then ossify in
    adults.
  • Gomphoses (gom-FO-ses) unique joints that occur
    between the root of the tooth and the mandible
    and maxilla. The fibrous tissue between the
    tooths root and the bone is the periodontal
    membrane.

57
Synarthroses (Fibrous Joints)
  • Syndesmosis between radius and ulna
  • Sutures on the skull
  • Gomphosis

58
Amphiarthroses (Cartilaginous Joints)
  • Bones in these joints are joined together by
    either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
  • These joints have very limited movement.
  • Two Types
  • Synchondroses have hyaline cartilage between the
    bones.
  • Ex articulation between the ribs and the sternum
    and the epiphyseal plate is a temporary
    synchondrosis in growing people.
  • Symphyses have fibrocartilage between the bones
    which is a pad or disk. Remember fibrocartilage
    is extremely tough so there is only slight
    movement.
  • Ex symphysis pubis and the articulations between
    the bodies of the vertebrae.

59
Amphiarthroses (Cartilaginous Joints)
60
Diarthroses (Synovial Joints)
  • Freely movable joints.
  • Most mobile, most numerous, and most complex
    joints.
  • Parts of the synovial joint
  • 1. joint capsule- the periosteum of both bones
    forms a sleeve around them, connecting them to
    each other.
  • 2. synovial membrane- the lining of the joint
    capsule and secretes synovial fluid which
    lubricates and nourishes the inner joint
    surfaces.
  • 3. articular cartilage- hyaline cartilage that
    covers the epiphyses of each bone.
  • 4. joint cavity- small space between the
    articulating bones
  • 5. menisci (articular disks)- pads of
    fibrocartilage between the articulating ends of
    bones in some synovial joints. The knee joint
    contains two.
  • 6. ligaments- strong cords of dense, white
    fibrous tissue that hold the two bones together
    reinforcing the joint.
  • 7. bursa- closed pillowlike structure that are
    filled with synovial fluid and function to
    cushion the joint and facilitate the movement of
    tendon (connections between muscles and bones).
    Bursitis is inflammation of the bursa.

61
General Structure of a Synovial Joint
62
Types of Synovial Joints
  • Synovial joints can be further grouped by their
    shape, which controls the movement they allow.
  • Ball and socket joints, such as the shoulder and
    hip joints. These allow a wide range of movement.
  • Condyloid joints (or ellipsoid), such as the
    thumb. A condyloid joint is where two bones fit
    together with an odd shape (e.g. an ellipse), and
    one bone is concave, the other convex. Some
    classifications make a distinction between
    condyloid and ellipsoid joints.
  • Saddle joints, such as at the thumb (between the
    metacarpal and carpal). Saddle joints, which
    resemble a saddle, permit the same movements as
    the condyloid joints.
  • Hinge joints, such as the elbow (between the
    humerus and the ulna). These joints act like a
    door hinge, allowing flexion and extension in
    just one plane.
  • Pivot joints, such as the elbow (between the
    radius and the ulna). This is where one bone
    rotates about another.
  • Gliding joints, such as in the carpals of the
    wrist. These joints allow a wide variety of
    movement, but not much distance.

63
Types of Synovial Joints
64
Representative Synovial Joints
  • Humeroscapular Joint (shoulder joint)
  • The joint between the head of the humerus and the
    glenoid cavity of the scapula.
  • Shoulder muscles and tendons from a cufflike
    arrangement around the joint called the rotator
    cuff
  • The joint is more mobile than stable. Injuries
    to the rotator cuff and dislocations are fairly
    common.

65
Humeroscapular Joint
66
Hip Joint
  • The hip joint is first stable, secondly, mobile.
  • The ball-like head of the femur fits into the
    cup-like shape of the acetabulum (socket) of the
    hip.

67
Tibiofemoral Joint (Knee)
  • Largest and one of the most complex and most
    injured joint.
  • Condyles of the femur articulate with the flat
    upper surface of the tibia.
  • This is an unstable arrangement, however there
    are numerous ligaments, tendons, and cartilages
    that stabilize it.
  • 2 menisci (medial and lateral) attach to the flat
    top of the tibia and form a socket for the femur
    to fit.
  • There are about 13 bursae that serve as pads
    around the joint. The largest is the prepatellar
    bursa on the front of the knee.
  • Compared to the hip joint, the knee isnt well
    protected by muscle so generally it is the one
    that is injured by blows or sudden stops or
    turns. Athletes frequently tear the cartilage in
    their knee, the menisci.

68
Tibiofemoral Joint (Knee)
69
Types and Range of Movement at Synovial Joints
  • The types of movements possible at a joint depend
    on the shapes of the articulating bones
    surfaces, the positions of the ligaments, tendons
    and nearby muscles.
  • The 4 types of movements
  • Angular
  • Circular
  • Gliding
  • Special

70
Angular Movements
  • Flexion decreases the angle between articulating
    bones. It bends or folds one part on another
  • Extension increases the angle between
    articulating bones. It returns a part from its
    flexed position to its anatomical position.
    Straightening or stretching.
  • Plantar flexion pointing the toe
  • Dorsiflexion flexing the foot
  • Abduction moves a part away from the median
    plane of the body.
  • Adduction moves a part toward the median plane.

71
Angular Movements
72
Circular Movements
  • Rotation and circumduction
  • Rotation Pivoting a bone on its own axis (ex.
    Shaking your head no)
  • Circumduction moves a part so that the distal
    end moves in a circle. (ex. Doing arm circles)
  • Supination and Pronation
  • Supination turns the palm side up
  • Pronation turns the palm side down

73
Gliding Movements
  • Simplest of all movements.
  • The articulating bones move past each other, but
    there is no angular or circular movement.
  • Ex the carpal and tarsal bones glide past each
    other.

74
Special Movements
  • Often unique or unusual movements that occur only
    in a very limited number of joints.
  • Inversion and eversion inversion turns the foot
    inward and eversion turns it outward.
  • Protraction and retraction protraction moves a
    part forward and retraction back.
  • Elevation and depression elevation moves a part
    up and depression lowers a part.

75
Noninflammatory Joint Disease
  • Osteoarthritis or degenerative joint disease
  • wear and tear deterioration of the articular
    cartilage and formation of new bone at the joint
    surfaces. The cartilage is no longer a shock
    absorber, bone spurs grow, and ligaments calcify.
  • Occurs most often in the hips, lumbar spine and
    knee. weight bearing joints
  • Can occur in the finger joints and inflammation
    can occur causing swelling deformities.
  • No treatment of osteoarthritis is available but
    can control the pain and inflammation with
    NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
    (Ibuprofen, aspirin, Celebrex or Vioxx). May need
    partial or full joint replacement.

76
Noninflammatory Joint Disease
77
Traumatic Injuries
  • Dislocation when the articular surfaces of the
    bone are no longer in the correct place. Can have
    damage to nerves and blood vessels
  • Athletes tend to get torn menisci. Symptoms are
    edema, pain, instability of the knee and limited
    motion.
  • Surgeons use arthroscopic surgical procedures to
    see inside joints without having to open the
    joint cavity. A narrow tube with lenses and
    fiberoptic light is inserted into the joint and
    saline solution is injected into the synovial
    space that spreads the joint structures and
    allows them to see inside.
  • Sprain injury to the ligament. Blood vessels may
    be ruptured, bruising and swelling occur.

78
Inflammatory Joint Disease
  • Arthritis
  • Rheumatoid arthritis chronic and systematic
    inflammatory connective tissue disease.
  • Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis more severe than
    the adult form. Destroys growth of cartilage and
    growth of long bones slow. More common in girls.
  • Gouty arthritis metabolic disorder where excess
    blood levels of uric acid deposit as crystals
    within the synovial fluid of joints and other
    tissues. A drug called Allopurinol (Zyloprim)
    inhibits the synthesis of uric acid and is used
    as treatment.

79
Inflammatory Joint Disease
  • Top left Gouty arthritis
  • Top right rheumatoid arthritis
  • Bottom Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

80
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