Anatomical Terminology, Skeletal system

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Structural Organization
Organization of Human Body

• Chemical
• Cellular
• Tissue
• Organ
• System
• Organism

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The Body Systems

1. Integumentary
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Digestive
5. Cardiovascular
6. Lymphatic
7. Respiratory
8. Nervous
9. Endocrine
10. Urinary
11. Reproductive (male female)

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Anatomy

• The science which deals with the study of the
  structure and shape of the body and body parts,
  and their relationships to one another
• Gross Anatomy Study of human body with naked eye
• Microscopic Anatomy Study of fine structure
  (cells tissues) of the human body with the help
  of microscope
• Developmental Anatomy ( Embryology)
• Radiological Anatomy
• Cross-sectional Anatomy
• Applied Anatomy
• Surgical Anatomy

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The Language of Anatomy

• To prevent misunderstanding, a special set of
  terms are used to describe the identification and
  location of body structures
• To accurately describe body parts, the body is in
  a standard position called the
• Anatomical Position

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The Anatomical Position
The body is erect
The arms hanging by the side
The palms facing forward
The feet parallel
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Anatomical Terminology

• Regional Terms
• Cranial
• Cervical
• Thoracic
• Abdominal
• Pelvic
• Planter
• Palmer

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• Directional Terms
• Superior / Inferior (Cranial, (Cephalic) /
  Caudal)
• Anterior / Posterior (Ventral / Dorsal)

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• Median / Medial / Lateral / Intermediate
• Proximal / Distal
• Superficial / Deep
• External / Internal

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Terms of Movement
Flexion X Extension increasing angle with frontal plane decreasing angle with frontal plane 
Abduction X Adduction moving away from or toward the sagittal plane 
Protraction X Retraction moving forward or backward along a surface 
Elevation X Depression raising or lowering a structure 
Medial rotation X Lateral rotation movement around an axis of a bone 
Pronation X Supination placing palm backward or forward (in anatomical position) 
Circumduction combined movements of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction medial lateral rotation
Opposition bringing tips of fingers and thumb together as in picking something up Opposite of above movement
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Abdominopelvic regions
The Abdominopelvic area is divided into 9 regions
by 2 vertical 2 horizontal lines or
planes Objective To locate the different organs
in each region
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Body Planes Sections

• To look at the internal structures, the body is
  cut into sections
• Sections are made along imaginary lines called
  planes
• There are three type of sections or planes that
  lie at right angle to one another
• Sagittal Section
• Frontal Section
• Transverse Section

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Sagittal Section

• A cut made along a longitudinal plane
• Divides the body into right and left parts
• If the plane passes through the midline of the
  body, the right and left halves are equal and it
  is called a midsagittal or median section

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Frontal Section

• A cut made along a longitudinal plane
• Divides the body into anterior and posterior
  parts
• It is also called a coronal section

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Transverse Section

• A cut made along a horizontal plane
• Divides the body into superior and inferior parts
• It is also called a cross section

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Body Cavities

• The body has two sets of internal cavities that
  lodge and protect the organs.
• These are
• Dorsal body cavity
• Ventral body cavity

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Dorsal Body Cavity

• Has two subdivisions, which are continuous with
  each other
• Cranial cavity space inside the bony skull,
  contains brain
• Spinal cavity space inside the vertebral column,
  contains spinal cord

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Ventral Body Cavity

• Has two subdivisions, which are separated from
  each other by the diaphragm.
• Thoracic cavity lies superior to diaphragm,
  contains heart and lungs
• Abdominopelvic cavity lies below the diaphragm,
  contains stomach, intestine, urinary bladder,
  liver, reproductive organs, rectum, etc.

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Skeletal System

• Includes
• Bones
• Joints (articulations)

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Axial skeleton

• Skull
• Vertebral column
• Bony thorax (ribs sternum)

Appendicular skeleton

• Bones of upper limb
• Bones of lower limb
• Shoulder pelvic girdles

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Bones

• Classification
• Structure
• Functions

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Bone

• Bone is the hardest materials in the body
• Although relatively lighter in weight, bone shows
  a remarkable ability to resist tension and other
  forces acting on it
• The calcium salts deposited in its matrix give
  bone its hardness and the collagen fibers provide
  it the flexibility and great tensile strength

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Functions of Bones/Skeleton

1. Support of the body organs
2. Protection of soft body organs
3. Attachment of muscles
4. Movement of the body as a whole, or of the body
   parts
5. Storage of fat minerals e.g. calcium and
   phosphorus
6. Formation of blood cell

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Classification of Bones

• Bones are classified on the bases of their
• Shape
• Structure
• Development

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Classification of Bones Based on the Shape

• Long bones are typically longer than they are
  wide. They have a shaft with heads at both ends
  e.g. bones of the limbs except wrist and ankle
  bones
• Short bones are generally cube shaped e.g. bones
  of the wrist and ankle

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• Flat bones are thin, flattened, and usually
  curved e.g. bones of the skull, ribs, sternum
• Irregular bones are irregular e.g. vertebrae

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Classification of Bones Based on the Structure

• Compact bone is dense and looks smooth and
  homogenous. It is found in the outer part of the
  long bones and flat bones
• Cancellous (Spongy) bone is composed of small
  needlelike pieces of bone and lot of open spaces.
  It looks like a sponge. It is found in the short
  bones and in the heads of the long bones

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Classification of Bones Based on the Development

• Membrane bones that are developed in a membranous
  model (membrane-bone) e.g. skull bones
• Cartilage bones that are developed in a
  cartilagenous model (membrane-cartilage-bone)
  e.g. bones of the limbs

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Gross Structure of a Long Bone

• Each long bone has
• A shaft called the diaphysis.
• Two ends called the epiphyses
• The region at the junction of diaphysis and
  epiphysis is called metaphysis

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The Diaphysis (Shaft)

• It is composed of compact bone
• Is covered on its external surface by a fibrous
  connective tissue membrane called the periosteum.
• It has a cavity called the marrow cavity. In
  adults, the marrow cavity is a storage area for
  fat and contains yellow marrow. In infants, it
  contains red marrow and is the site of blood
  cells formation

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The Epiphyses

• Each epiphysis is composed of spongy bone, lined
  by a thin layer of compact bone.
• Its external surface is covered by a layer of
  hyaline cartilage called the articular cartilage
• Articular cartilage provides smooth slippery
  surface that decreases friction at joint surfaces

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The Metaphysis

• It contains a thin plate of cartilage called the
  epipyseal plate (disc)
• Epiphyseal plate is responsible for the
  lengthwise growth of the long bones.

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Role of Periosteum

• Protects the bone
• Gives attachment to muscles
• Carries blood vessels and nerves to bone
• Deposits new bone on the surface thus increases
  the girth of bone

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