SKELETAL SYSTEM

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SKELETAL SYSTEM
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The body is made of cells.
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Cells group together to form tissues, which join
to make organs.
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Organs are tissues joined together to perform
specific functions, such as the heart, kidneys,
and lungs.
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When different organs join together, they are
called organ systems.
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There are 9 main organ systems in the human body.
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• nervous
• muscular
• endocrine
• skeletal

• digestive
• excretory
• circulatory
• respiratory
• reproductive

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The nervous system includes the spinal cord and
the brain.
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The vertebrae are bony structures that create the
spine.
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V E R T E B R A E
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They form a protective shield for the spinal
cord.
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spinal cord
vertebrae
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the brain
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The brain has 4 basic parts

• cerebellum
• cerebrum
• brain stem
• hypothalamus

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The cerebrum is the largest section of the brain.
It is divided into two halves.
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The left side mainly controls language and
speech
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The right side controls math and music.
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The cerebellum controls balance, posture, and
coordination.
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At the top of the spinal cord is the brain stem.
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The brain stem controls involuntary actions such
as breathing, swallowing, heart contractions,
digestion, and movement of blood through various
vessels.
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The medulla is an enlarged area of the brain
stem. It controls the function of internal
organs.
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The hypothalamus controls blood pressure, heart
rate, temperature, hunger, thirst, and emotions.
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Muscular System
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The muscular system works with the skeletal
system to allow movement of our bodies.
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There are 3 types of muscles.
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smooth

• involuntary muscles
• long, thin, pointed at each end
• form into sheets
• examples intestines, stomach

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smooth muscle
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skeletal

• voluntary
• joined in bundles
• cylinder shaped

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skeletal muscle
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cardiac

• involuntary
• heart muscle

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cardiac muscle
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Muscles receive nerve signals to work. When a
message is sent, a muscle contracts or gets
smaller. When the message stops, the muscle
relaxes.
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Flexor muscles bend body joints. Extensor
muscles straighten body joints.
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Flexor and extensor muscles usually work in
pairs.
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If a movement is not caused by bending or
straightening a body joint, it is called
abduction or adduction.
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Abduction is when movement away from the body
occurs. Adduction involves moving toward the
body.
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Some muscles are attached to bones by tendons.
They are non-elastic and firmly join bones
together.
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Others are attached by ligaments. They are
elastic tissues that attach bone to bone in
moveable joints.
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The skeletal system has 5 functions

• shape and support the body
• allows movements
• protect tissues and organs
• store certain materials
• produce blood cells

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Bones are living tissues and contains cells,
nerves, and blood vessels.
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The primary function of bones is to support and
give shape to the body and to provide protection
for the soft internal structures.
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There are 206 bones in the human skeleton.
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axial skeletonskull, vertebrae, ribs,
sternumappendicular skeleton arms and legs
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Bones start as soft, flexible cartilage and
gradually harden into hard bone over a period of
several years.
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A bone is like a tube. The outside is made of
hard, dense compact bone.
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A living skin called periosteum covers the bone.
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Inside is a jelly-like tissue called
marrow.There are 2 types of marrow found in
bones.
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Red marrow is located in the ends of long bones,
such as arm and leg bones, sternum, ribs,
vertebrae, and parts of the skull.
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Red marrow manufactures red and white blood cells
the body needs to survive.
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Yellow marrow is located in the center of other
bones. It stores necessary fats and minerals.
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JOINTS
JOINTS
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Joints are locations where bones connect to allow
a movement to occur.
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These movements are controlled by the muscles,
which are attached to the bones at the joint.
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DIFFERENT TYPES OF JOINTS
DIFFERENT TYPES OF JOINTS
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BALL AND SOCKETshoulder and hipallows movement
in many directions
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socket
ball
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socket
ball
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HINGEelbow, knee, phalanges, and jawinjury
can occur if twisted
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E L B O W
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K N E E
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P H A L A N G E S
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P H A L A N G E S
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PIVOThead, neck and forearm180 degree limited
movement
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forearm
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N E C K
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SADDLEthumbELLIPSOIDwrist
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T H U M B
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E L L I P S O I D
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GLIDINGwrist, ankle, spine movement in many
directions, but amount of movement is limited
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ANKLE
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GLIDING
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SPINE
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FIXEDskullno movement
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Bones involved in joints have a slippery, shiny
cartilage at the end where they meet.
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This covering keeps a joints movements smooth
and prevents the bones from wearing out.
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LIGAMENTtough strand of tissue that joins bones
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tendonstendons are elastic supports that attach
bone to bone and allow flexible movement
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CARTILAGEpadding between joints that acts as
shock absorber and prevents bones from rubbing
together.
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C A R T I L A G E
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SKULL
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The skull consists of 8 curved bones linked
firmly at wiggly lines called sutures.
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sutures
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The skulls purpose is to protect the brain and
cushion blows to it.
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SPINAL COLUMN
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There are 24 vertebrae in a human body.
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Between each of these vertebrae are washer-like
disks of flexible cartilage.
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This cartilage is a tough, elastic tissue that
allows movement between the vertebrae.
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It also cushions the pieces of the spine so that
they do not rub against each other.
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vertebrea
spinal disc
vertebrea
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There are 5 main parts to the spinal column.
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SPINAL COLUMN
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S P I N E
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CERVIVCAL SPINEsupports the neck and skull and
consists of 7 vertebrae
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THORACIC SPINEsupports the thorax (chest of 24
ribs) and consists of 12 vertebrae
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LUMBAR SPINEcarries most of the bodys weight
and consists of 5 vertebrae
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SACRUMfusion of 5 sacral vertebrae into 1
vertebra that transmits body weight to the hip
joints
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COCCYX2-4 fused coccygeal vertebrae that
represents tail of our ancestors
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THORAXConsists of 24 flexible ribs joined by
cartilage. Their purpose is to protect the
structures (heart and lungs) inside the chest.
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The ribs connect to a fibrous, spongy bone in
front called the sternum.
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Bones of the Body
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SHOULDERThere are 3 bones that make up the area
of the body called the shoulder. They are the
scapula, clavicle, and humerus.
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S H O U L D E R
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ARMThe 3 bones of the arm are the humerus,
radius, and ulna
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HANDThere are 27 small bones that connect the
hand to the arm at the wrist area.
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We are going to combine them into three main
groups the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
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CARPALS
METACARPALS
PHALANGES
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HIPSThe bones in the hips are grouped together
and called the pelvis or pelvic girdle.
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LEGThere are 4 major bones that combine to make
a leg. They are the femur, tibia, fibula, and the
patella, which is also known as the kneecap.
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FOOTAs with the hand, there are many small bones
that are in the ankle area where the foot
attaches to the leg.
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We are going to group them into 3 main groups.
They are the tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
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tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges