BIG PICTURE: MAKING PROTEINS

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BIG PICTUREMAKING PROTEINS

• DNA ? RNA ? PROTEIN
• Nucleus ?Cytoplasm ?Ribosomes

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WHY PROTEINS??

• Proteins are polymers CHON
• Proteins make up ENZYMES, muscles, hair, nails,
  and code for traits
• Amino acids held together by peptide bonds
• There are 20 amino acids in nature
• Function of the protein depend on the twists and
  folds

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Mutations

• Any mistake or change in the DNA sequence
• Accuracy of DNA is important to ensure genetic
  continuity of new cells and offspring

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3 types of mutations

• 1. Point mutations change in ONE DNA base
• This would change the meaning of the codon on the
  mRNA
• Example
• THE DOG BIT THE CAT
• THE DOG BIT THE CAR mutation

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3 types of mutations

• 2. Frameshift mutations a single base is added
  or deleted from DNA
• This would cause every codon to be wrong from
  that point on in protein coding
• Example
• THE CAT ATE THE FAT RAT
• THE ATA TET HEF ATR ATT

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3 types of mutations

• 3. Chromosomal mutations
• Affects the entire chromosome
• If a chromosome is missing monosomy
• Monosomy on Sex Chromsomes Turner Syndrome
• 45 chromosomes in humans
• May involve an extra chromosome trisomy
• Trisomy on Chromosome 21 is Down Syndrome
• 47 chromosomes in humans

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CAUSES OF MUTATIONS

• Mutations can be good, bad or nothing
• They are usually random events but.
• Errors in DNA provide the variation that must be
  present for the evolution of species