An%20Introduction%20to%20Anatomy%20and%20Physiology

1
An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
2
Introduction

• Biology is the study of life one of its goals is
  to discover the unity and patterns that underlie
  the diversity of living organisms.

3

• All living things, from single cells to large
  multicellular organisms, perform the same basic
  functions
• They respond to changes in their environment
• They grow ande reproduce to create future
  generation
• They are capable of producing movement and they
  absorb materials from the environment.

4

• Organisms absorb and consume oxygen during
  respiration, and they discharge waste products
  during excretion.
• Digestion occur in specialized areas of the body
  to break down complex foods.
• Circulation forms an internal transportation
  system between areas of the body.

5
Anatomy

• Anatomy is the study of internal and external
  structure and the physical relationships between
  body parts.
• Physiology is the study of how living organisms
  perform vital functions.
• All specific functions are performed by specific
  structures.

6
Microscopic anatomy

• The boundaries of microscopic anatomy are
  established by the equipment used.
• Cytology analyzes the internal structure of
  individual cells.
• Histology examines tissues. Tissues form organs,
  anatomical units with specific functions.

7
Gross anatomy

• Gross anatomy considers features visible without
  a microscope.
• It features surface anatomy, regional anatomy and
  systemic anatomy

8
Physiology

• Human physiology is the study fo the functions of
  the human body.
• It is based on cell physiology, the sutdy of the
  functions of living cells.
• Special physiology studies the physiology of
  specific organs.
• System physiology considers all aspects of the
  function of specific organ systems.
• Pathological physiology studies the effects of
  diseases of organ or system functions.

9
Levels of organization

• Anatomical structures and physiological
  mechanisms are arranged in a series of
  interacting levels of organization.

10
(No Transcript)
11
(No Transcript)
12
An introduction to Organ Systems

• The major organs of the human body are arranged
  into 11 organs systems.
• The organ systems of the human body are the
  integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous,
  endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic,
  respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive
  systems.

13
Homeostasis and System Integration

• Homeostasis is a tendency for physiological
  systems to stabilize internal conditions
• Through homeostatic regulation these systems
  adjust to preserve homeostasis.

14
Homeostatic Regulation

• Homeostatic regulation usually involves a
  receptor sensitive to a particular stimulus and
  an effector whose activity affect the same
  stimulus.

15
Negative Feedback

• Is a corrective mechanism involving an action
  that directly opposes a variation from normal
  limits.

16
(No Transcript)
17
Positive Feedback

• The initial stimulus produces a response that
  reinforces the stimulus.

18
Homeostasis and Disease

• Symptoms of disease appear when failure of
  homeostatic regulation causes organ systems to
  malfunction.

19
The Language of Anatomy

• Standard anatomical illustrations show the body
  in the anatomical position.
• If the figure is shown lying down, it can be
  either supine or prone.

20
(No Transcript)
21
.

• Abdominopelvic quadrants and abdominopelvicc
  regions represent two different approaches to
  describing anatomical regions of the body.

22
(No Transcript)
23

• The use of special directional terms provides
  clarity when describing anatomical structures.

24
(No Transcript)
25
Sectional anatomy

• The three sectional planes (frontal, sagittal,
  and transverse) describe relationships between
  the parts of the three-dimensional human body.

26
Body Cavities

• Body cavities protect delicate organs and permit
  changes in the size and shape of visceral organs.
• Dorsal body cavity contains the cranial cavity,
  and spinal cavity.
• Ventral body cavity surrounds developing
  respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive urinary
  and reproductive organs

27
(No Transcript)
28

• The diaphragm divides the ventral body cavity
  into the superior thoracic and inferior
  abdominopelvic cavities.
• The thoracic cavity contains two pleural cavities
  and a pericardial cavity
• The abdominopelvic cavity consists of the
  abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity

29
(No Transcript)
30
Imaging

• Important radiological procedures include X-rays,
  CT scans, MRI and ultrasound.
• Each technique has its advantages and
  disadvantages.