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Splash Screen
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Chapter Menu
Chapter Introduction Section 1 Physical,
Perceptual, and Language Development Section
2 Cognitive and Emotional Development Section 3
Parenting Styles and Social Development
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Chapter Preview 1
Chapter Objectives Section 1
Physical, Perceptual, and Language Development
Understand that as infants grow physically, they
also develop cognitive skills, perceptions, and
language.
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Chapter Preview 2
Chapter Objectives Section 2
Cognitive and Emotional Development
Discuss how as the thought processes of children
develop, they begin to think, communicate and
relate with others, and solve problems.
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Chapter Preview 3
Chapter Objectives Section 3
Parenting Styles and Social Development
Describe the social decisions children face as
they grow and progress through the stages of life.
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Chapter Preview-End
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Section 1-Main Idea
Main Idea
Infants are born equipped to experience the
world. As infants grow physically, they also
develop cognitive skills, perceptions, and
language.
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Section 1-Key Terms
Vocabulary

• developmental psychology
• grasping reflex
• rooting reflex
• maturation
• telegraphic speech

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Section 1-Objectives
Objectives

• Describe the physical and perceptual development
  of newborns and children.

• Discuss the development of language.

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Section 1-Polling Question
How old are you in your earliest childhood
memory? A. One or two B. Three or
four C. Five D. Six or older

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 1
Nature and Nurture

• Developmental psychologythe study of changes
  that occur as an individual matures.

• Developmental psychologists study

• Continuity versus stages of development
• Stability versus change
• Nature versus nurture

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Section 1
Do you believe that our behavior is inherited or
due to the environment around us? A. Inherited
B. Environment C. Both D. Not sure

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 1
Newborns

• Babies are born with certain reflexes

• Grasping reflex
• Rooting reflex

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Section 1
Which of the following is NOT typical of a
newborn? A. Crying B. Talking C. Sucking D. Sleepi
ng

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 1
Physical Development

• Within two years an infant transforms into a
  little boy or girl with many capabilities.

• This is due to

• Maturation
• Learninga relatively permanent change in
  behavior that occurs as a result of experience.

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Section 1
Physical Development (cont.)

• Psychologists have been able to develop an
  approximate timetable for maturation, which helps
  doctors and other professionals spot problems.

• Each child is unique, so the age range on some
  milestones varies.

Physical and Motor Development
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Section 1
At what age would you expect an infant to start
crawling? A. 89 months B. 1011 months C. 12
months or more

1. A
2. B
3. C

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Section 1
Perceptual Development

• Newborns have mature perception skills.

• They prefer human faces and patterned materials.
• They benefit from being held and touched by their
  parents.
• Infants older than 6 months display depth
  perception.

The Visual Preferences of Infants
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Section 1
At what age do newborns display depth perception?
A. 3 months B. 6 months C. 9 months D. 12 months

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 1
The Development of Language

• Chimpanzees develop at least as far as a 2
  year-old-human however, they cannot apply
  grammatical rules.

• Grammara set of rules for combining words into
  phrases and sentences to express an infinite
  number of thoughts that can be understood by
  others.

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Section 1
The Development of Language (cont.)

• Psychologists argue over whether language is
  reinforced or inborn.

• Some people also claim that there is a window of
  opportunity for learning language.

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Section 1
The Development of Language (cont.)

• Steps to learning language

• A person must learn to make signs, either by hand
  or mouth.
• He or she must learn the meaning of the signs.
• Then he or she must learn grammar.

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Section 1
The Development of Language (cont.)

• At the age of 2, a childs language is known as
  telegraphic speechthe kind of verbal utterances
  in which words are left out, but the meaning is
  usually clear.

• Once children begin to learn grammatical rules,
  they tend to overgeneralize those rules until
  they truly understand them.

The Flowering of Language
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Section 1
Do you think that language is learned, innate, or
both? A. Learned B. Innate C. Both

1. A
2. B
3. C

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Section 1-End
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Section 2-Main Idea
Main Idea
As the thought processes of children develop,
they begin to think, communicate and relate with
others, and solve problems.
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Section 2-Key Terms
Vocabulary

• schema
• assimilation
• accommodation
• object permanence
• representational thought
• conservation

• egocentric
• imprinting
• critical period

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Section 2-Objectives
Objectives

• Summarize the cognitive-development theory.

• Discuss how children develop emotionally.

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Section 2-Polling Question
What age do you think babies start
communicating? A. Immediately after
birth B. After 3 months C. After 6
months D. After 1 year

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 2
Cognitive Development

• Jean Piaget believed that intelligence, or the
  ability to understand, develops gradually as the
  child grows.

• Intellectual development involves

• Quantitative changes (growth in the amount of
  information)
• Qualitative changes (differences in the manner of
  thinking)

Jean Piaget
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Section 2
Cognitive Development (cont.)

• A schema is a conceptual framework a person uses
  to make sense of the world.

• Assimilation and accommodation work together to
  produce intellectual growth.
• When events do not fit into an existing schema, a
  new one must be formed.

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Section 2
Cognitive Development (cont.)

• Object permanence is a big step in a childs
  second year of life.

• Achieving object permanence usually signifies
  representational thought.
• The realization of conservation occurs between
  the ages of 5 and 7.
• Before the age of 5, children are egocentric.

Tasks to Measure Conservation
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Section 2
Cognitive Development (cont.)

• Piagets stages of cognitive development

• Sensorimotor stagethe infant uses schema that
  primarily involve his body and sensations.
• Preoperational stagethe child begins to use
  mental images and symbols to understand things.

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Section 2
Cognitive Development (cont.)

• Concrete operations stagechildren are able to
  use logical schemas, but their understanding is
  limited to concrete objects.

• Formal operations stagethe person is able to
  solve abstract problems.

Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development
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Section 2
At which stage does a child master the concept of
conservation? A. Sensorimotor B. Preoperational C
. Concrete operations D. Formal operations

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 2
Emotional Development

• Konrad Lorenz experimented with baby geese.

• He learned that 13 to 16 hours after birth is a
  critical period in which the animals imprint on
  the first thing they see (usually their mother).

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Section 2
Emotional Development (cont.)

• Harry Harlow concluded that monkeys clung to
  their mothers because of the need for contact
  comfort, not necessarily food.

• Some psychologist also believe that human babies
  form an attachment to their mothers around 6
  months.

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Section 2
Emotional Development (cont.)

• Stranger anxietythe fear of strangers that
  infants commonly display.

• Separation anxietydistress that is sometimes
  experienced by infants when they are separated
  from their primary caregivers.

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Section 2
Emotional Development (cont.)

• Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby devised a
  technique called the Strange Situation to measure
  attachment.

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Section 2
Emotional Development (cont.)

• Patterns of attachment include

• Secure attachment
• Avoidant attachment
• Resistant attachment
• Disorganized attachment

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Section 2
Which psychologist studied the relationship
between mother and child using monkeys? A. Lorenz
B. Harlow C. Ainsworth D. Piaget

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 2-End
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Section 3-Main Idea
Main Idea
Children face various social decisions as they
grow and progress through the stages of life.
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Section 3-Key Terms
Vocabulary

• authoritarian family
• democratic/authoritative family
• permissive/laissez-faire family
• socialization
• identification
• sublimation
• role taking

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Section 3-Objectives
Objectives

• Describe theories of social development.

• Outline Kohlbergs stages of moral reasoning.

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Section 3-Polling Question
Has the style in which you were raised affected
you? A. Yes B. No

1. A
2. B

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Section 3
Parenting Styles

• Distinct styles of parenting

• Authoritarian family
• Democratic/authoritative family
• Permissive/laissez-faire family
• Uninvolved parents

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Section 3
Parenting Styles (cont.)

• Children who grow up in the democratic family
  setting seem to be more confident than other
  young people.

• The parents establish limits for the child.
• They also respond to the child with warmth and
  support.

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Section 3
Parenting Styles (cont.)

• The results of a democratic family setting
  include

• The child is able to assume responsibility
  gradually.
• The child is more likely to identify with parents
  who love and respect him or her.

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Section 3
Which style of parenting do you think is the most
effective? A. Authoritarian B. Democratic/authori
tative C. Permissive/laissez-faire D. Uninvolved

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 3
Child Abuse

• Child abuse includes

• Physical or mental injury
• Sexual abuse
• Negligent treatment
• Mistreatment of children under the age of 18 by
  adults entrusted with their care

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Section 3
Child Abuse (cont.)

• Reasons for abuse

• The abusive parents where abused as children.
• Parents are overburdened and stressed.
• The children are high maintenance or
  mentally/physically challenged.
• Social-cultural stresses present obstacles.

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Section 3
Child Abuse (cont.)

• Abuse can have many developmental effects on the
  victims.

• Every state has social service agencies that
  intervene when abuse is discovered.

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Section 3
What is an effect of abuse on a
child? A. Antisocial behavior B. Depression C. Los
s of self-esteem D. All of the above

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 3
Social Development

• Socialization is the process of learning the
  rules of behavior of the culture within which an
  individual is born and will live.

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Section 3
Social Development (cont.)

• Freuds theory of psychosexual development

• Oral stage
• Anal stage
• Phallic stage
• Latency stage
• Genital stage

Freuds Stages of Psychosexual Development
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Section 3
Social Development (cont.)

• During the phallic stage, the child wants to
  claim the parent of the opposite sex for him or
  herself, but then begins the process of
  identification (a child adopts the values and
  principles of the same-sex parent).

• During the latency stage, the child learns the
  process of sublimation.

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Section 3
Social Development (cont.)

• Eriksons theory of psychosocial development is
  based on life periods in which an individuals
  goal is to satisfy desires associated with social
  needs.

Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development
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Section 3
Social Development (cont.)

• Freud and Erikson believe that learning social
  rules is innate.

• Many psychologists believe that that social
  development is a matter of conditioning and
  imitation.

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Section 3
Social Development (cont.)

• Cognitive theorists view social development as a
  result of a childs acting on the environment and
  trying to make sense out of his experience.

• Game playing is one way that children learn such
  as role taking.

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Section 3
Social Development (cont.)

• Lawrence Kohlberg conducted studies to show how
  important being able to see other peoples points
  of view is to social and moral development.

Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development
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Section 3
Social Development (cont.)

• Stages of moral development

• Stage oneChildren are egocentric.
• Stage twoChildren have a better idea of how to
  receive rewards as well as to avoid punishment
  they act in terms of consequences.
• Stage threeChildren become acutely sensitive to
  what other people want and think.

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Section 3
Social Development (cont.)

• Stage fourChildren are concerned with law and
  order and less with approval of others.

• Stage fivePeople are concerned with whether the
  law is fair or just.
• Stage sixPeople accept ethical principles that
  apply to everyone.

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Section 3
According to Erikson, which stage does the
following question fall under Will I succeed in
life? A. Stage 1trust vs. mistrust B. Stage
3industry vs. inferiority C. Stage
7generativity vs. stagnation D. Stage 8ego
integrity vs. despair

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 3-End
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Figure 1
Physical and Motor Development Although different
infants achieve milestones in motor development
at slightly different ages, all infants achieve
them in essentially the same order. This chart
shows the average ages when milestones are
usually achieved.
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Figure 2
The Visual Preferences of Adults Three- or
four-month-old infants show a strong preference
for faces and patterns, suggesting that infants
are born with and develop visual preferences.
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Figure 3
The Flowering of Language Between the ages of 2
and 5, the typical child learns an average of 10
words a daynearly one word every hour awake!
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Figure 4
Tasks to Measure Conservation The concept of
conservation can be used to show that children
think less logically than adults do. Children in
the preoperational stage so not understand that
the property of a substance remains the same
although its appearance may change.
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Figure 5
Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development Piaget
stressed that the active role of the child in
gaining knowledge. He also stressed the
differences in the way a child thinks during
different stages of maturity.
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Figure 6
Freuds Stages of Psychosexual Development Accordi
ng to Freud, there is often conflict between
child and parent. The conflict occurs because the
child wants immediate gratification of needs
while the parent restricts that gratification in
some way.
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Figure 7
Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial
Development According to Erikson, a child
encounters a psychosocial challenge at each
stage. If the child successfully resolves the
issue, the child develops a positive social trait
and progresses to the next stage.
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Figure 8
Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development Each stage
of Kohlbergs theory is cognitively more complex
than the last.
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Profile
Jean Piaget18961980 The child no longer
tends to approach the state of adulthood by
receiving reason and the rules of right action
ready-made, but by achieving them with his own
effort and personal experience in return society
expects more of its new generations than mere
imitation it expects enrichment.
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Concept Trans Menu
Chapter Concepts Transparencies
Stages of Language Acquisition Types of
Attachment in Children
Select a transparency to view.
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Concept Trans 1
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Concept Trans 2
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DFS Trans 1
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DFS Trans 2
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DFS Trans 3
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Vocab1
developmental psychology the study of changes
that occur as an individual matures
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Vocab2
grasping reflex an infants clinging response to
a touch on the palm of his or her hand
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Vocab3
rooting reflex an infants response in turning
toward the source of touching that occurs
anywhere around his or her mouth
84
Vocab4
maturation the internally programmed growth of a
child
85
Vocab5
telegraphic speech the kind of verbal utterances
in which words are left out, but the meaning is
usually clear
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Vocab6
schema a conceptual frame-work a person uses to
make sense of the world
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Vocab7
assimilation the process of fitting objects and
experiences into ones schemas
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Vocab8
accommodation the adjustment of ones schemas to
include newly observed events and experiences
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Vocab9
object permanence a childs realization that an
object exists even when he or she cannot see or
touch it
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Vocab10
representational thought the intellectual
ability of a child to picture something in his or
her mind
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Vocab11
conservation the principle that a given quantity
does not change when its appearance is changed
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Vocab12
egocentric a young childs inability to
understand another persons perspective
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Vocab13
imprinting inherited tendency of some newborn
animals to follow the first moving object they
see
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Vocab14
critical period a specific time in development
when certain skills or abilities are most easily
learned
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Vocab15
authoritarian family parents attempt to control,
shape, and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of
children and adolescents in accordance with a set
code of conduct
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Vocab16
democratic/authoritarian family children and
adolescents participate in decisions affecting
their lives
97
Vocab17
permissive/laissez-faire family children and
adolescents have the final say parents are less
controlling and have a non-punishing, accepting
attitude toward children
98
Vocab18
socialization the process of learning the rules
of behavior of the culture within which an
individual is born and will live
99
Vocab19
identification the process by which a child
adopts the values and principles of the same-sex
parent
100
Vocab20
sublimation the process by redirecting sexual
impulses into leaning tasks
101
Vocab21
role taking childrens play that involves
assuming adult roles, thus enabling the child to
experience different points of review
102
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