Assembly%20Line

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Assembly Line

• Astrology and Astronomy
• Mechanical clocks
• Sextant
• Huntsman steel
• Precision in manufacturing
• The lathe
• Standard interchangeable parts

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600-539 B.C.

• Astronomers divided the sky into twelve
  constellations (clusters of stars), 30 degrees
  apart in 360 degrees.
• This marked the beginning of astrology.
• Sexagesimal s

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760AD- Caliph, Al Mansur became ill

• Seemingly cured through assessment of star
  positions and Gundeshapur medicine.
• Lead to increased study of star positions and
  improvement of the Astrolabe.

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Translated Arab into Latin

• The Almagest (Arab translation of Ptolemys star
  table) and many other texts were translated into
  Latin during the 12th century.

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1276 Alfonsine Table Is Standard Star Reference

• By 1276 the king of Castile ordered a compilation
  of star tables called the Alfonsine Tables. Later
  these star positions were worked out for Paris
  and other places.

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When Is It Time to Pray

• St. Benedict specified certain activities at
  certain times of day and night which led to the
  water alarm clock.
• 11th Century Water alarm clock (Clepsydra)
  developed.

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A Modified Clepsydra
First clocks were water powered back in
Alexandria 2250 BP.
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First All Mechanical Clock
Verge and foliot escapement 1275 AD
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1275AD -Verge and Foliot Escapement

• This all mechanical clock was widely used by
  priests and astronomers.
• By 1400 AD clocks were telling people when to
  work. It increased productivity.
• Accurate to within 15 minutes per day.

Verge and Foliot clock in action
The great clock of Rouen, Fr.
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A Venetian 24hr Clock
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AM and PM

• AM comes from Latin for ante meridian,which
  means before noon.
• PM comes from Latin for post meridian, which
  mean after noon.
• The 12 clock chimes are easier to understand.

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1450 AD portable clocks

• Driven by a carbon steel spring and controlled by
  the Fusee
• Carbon steel was made by heating carbon and iron
  together, then hammering off the hard carbonized
  steel.

Fusee
Spring driven barrel
Blister Steel
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1608- LippersheysLooker

• A telescope intended for military purposes but
  led to Galileo to confirm Copernicus that the
  Earth is not the center of the universe.

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Achromatic Lens

• Early telescope lenses bent different colors
  differently resulting in a blurry image.
• Dollonds composite lens was made of Flint and
  Crown glass giving focal point of white light.
  Result was a sharp image.

Severe chromatic aberration
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The Pendulum Clock

• Galileos experimentation of pendulums led to
  Huygens, pendulum clock.
• First ones only accurate to 10min/day.
• By 1725 engineered escapements allowed accuracy
  within 1 second per day. Nevertheless, this clock
  was useless at sea.

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Modern Escapements

• A British clockmaker George Daniels invented the
  co-axial escapement first used by Omega SA in
  1999.
• The design uses radial friction instead of
  sliding friction. Resulting in longer life and
  improved accuracy.
• See the Daniels co-axial escapement in action

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Verge and Pendulum Escapement
How it works
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1731 John Hadleys sextant

• A precise astrolab, capable of measuring angle
  between two objects such as the sun and horizon.
• The first measuring arcs were etched by hand so
  they had limited precision.

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1740 Huntsman Steel

• Benjamin Huntsman was a clock maker dissatisfied
  with current steel quality. He adopted crucible
  steel from glass mfg.
• Extremely hard uniform steel perfect for clocks.
• Helped trigger the industrial revolution.

See how steel is made today
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1774 Jesse Ramsdens Dividing Engine

• Triggered by Hadleys sextant, which demanded
  more precise arc divisions.
• Jesse Ramsdens Dividing Engine used a steel
  tangent screw made using a Huntsman steel cutting
  tool.

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The Dividing Engine
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Interchangeable Parts

• Honore Le Blanc in France gave the idea of
  interchangeable parts for making guns to Thomas
  Jefferson.
• USA in 1798 became first to make guns with
  interchangeable parts.

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1808 Maudslays Lathe

• Used in England to make ships blocks in the
  worlds first modern assembly line. His lathes
  were extremely precise

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First Standardized Assembly Line

• Terracotta Army
• Assembled 2200 years ago.
• gt1800 life size soldiers, weapons, horses,
  chariots.

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Ship Blocks

• Force is reduced by 1/n where n is number of
  lines or sheaves supporting the load.
• Four sheaves decrease the lift force to 25 Lbs.
  for a 100 Lbs. weight.
• Why does one need to pull the line 4 ft in order
  to lift weight 1 ft?

Work force x distance
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Automation not a threat here

• Much cheap unskilled labor in USA.
• Interchangeable parts and the assembly line led
  to great growth in jobs and exports.
• Later, time/motion studies by Taylor and
  Gilbreths perfected the assembly line.
• Fords B-24 Bomber

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Accuracy

• Closeness to true value
• The accuracy of an analytical measurement is how
  close a result comes to the true value.
  Determining the accuracy of a measurement usually
  requires calibration of the analytical method
  with a known standard.

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Precision

• Reproducibility of results
• Precision is the reproducibility of multiple
  measurements and is usually described by the
  standard deviation, standard error, or confidence
  interval.

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Accuracy and Precision
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Taking the long way home

• 22 Oct.1707 2000 sailors died aboard grounded
  vessels at Scilly isles.
• The Board of Longitude
• John Harrisons highly precise spring clock
  designed for ships solved the longitude problem
  in 1759.
• 15 degree longitude (approx. 1000 mi) per hour.

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Harrisons H4

• Completed in 1759
• 13 cm (5.1 in) in diameter and weighs 1.45 Kg
  (3.2 Lbs).
• Off by only 39.2 s/47 days or 0.83 s per day
• Better than twice the required precision.

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Harrisons H5

• Tested by King George III in 1772
• It was off only 0.3 second/day
• Harrison did not received the 20,000 prize
  from the Board of Longitude in his lifetime.

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Time Longitude

• 15o/hr or approx. 1000 mi/hr
• Check home chronometer aboard ship at high
  noon

Home time ? time Home is You are
1PM 1hr 15o E 15o W
2PM 2hr 30o E 30o W
10AM -2hr 30o W 30o E
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Longitude

• An international conference in 1884 set the Royal
  Observatory in Greenwich England as zero
  longitude.
• A laser beam shoots North along the prime
  meridian.

Readings Taking the Long Way Home
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• Longitude lines are the vertical meridian lines.
  Zero longitude is Greenwich England.
• Latitude lines are the horizontal lines. Zero
  latitude is the equator.
• The longitude of South tip of Africa is approx.
  20 E longitude 35 S latitude.
• S. tip of S. America is approx. 75 W longitude
  55 S latitude

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Longitude Problems
Home Clock Difference New Longitude
118W 2pm 30W 148W
118W 9am 45E 73W
41E 3pm 45W 4W
121E 6am 90E 149W

15deg/hr or 1000mi/hr East is Ahead
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What you should know

• Differentiate between astronomy and astrology.
• Why 12 months in the year and 12 hours each day
  and night.
• Differentiate between accuracy and precision.
• Operation of water alarm clock, mechanical clock,
  portable clock and pendulum clock.

• Astronomy is a science
• From 12 moons/year
• Slides 27-29
• Slides 7-12 and 15-17

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What you should know

• Why did astronomers prefer the pendulum clock.
• The Latin and English translation for AM and PM.
• The connection between the looker, the sextant,
  and the need for more precision fabrication.
• Why was le Blanc unsuccessful installing his
  standardized gun parts in France? Pg. 150

• Increased precision
• Ante and post meridian
• Slides 18-21
• It threatened gunsmiths in Europe.

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What you should know

• How a lathe works
• The connection between Huntsman steel (crucible
  steel), the lathe, tangent screw, dividing engine
  and the sextant.
• How ships blocks work (LN).
• Why the assembly line flourished in the U.S., not
  in Europe.

• Burke 144, video
• Slides 19
• Divides work by number of pulleys 25
• Cheap, abundant unskilled labor in the U.S. not
  in Europe.

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What you should know

• How the American System of Manufacturing affected
  U.S. citizens and military
• Sailing from London at high noon your chronometer
  reads 200PM? What is your new longitude?
• Describe the construction of Dollonds achromatic
  lens
• Corrective lenses 1300, the Looker 1608, why
  did it take 300 years for this?

• Burke 149-151.
• London is ahead (East) so you are West 2hr x
  15o/hr 30o longitude. 33-35
• Burke 141 slide 14
• Burke 134-5