Warring City-States

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Warring City-States
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Rewind

• Geography
• How did the following impact Greece?
• Sea
• Mountains
• Climate
• Why did the Greeks have so many colonies
  throughout Mediterranean?

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Todays Objectives

• Standard WHI.5
• Students will be able to demonstrate knowledge of
  ancient Greece in terms of its impact on Western
  civilization by
• Identifying the social structure and role of
  slavery, and comparing the city-states of Athens
  and Sparta
• Evaluating the significance of the Persian wars

• Essential Questions
• How did Sparta differ from Athens?
• Why were wars with Persia important to the
  development of Greek culture?

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Rule and Order in Greek-City States

• Polis
• 750 B.C.E.
• Fundamental political unit in Ancient Greece
• Made up of a city and surrounding countryside
• CITY-STATE!!!!!!
• Often less than 20,000 residents
• Had agora (public center) and acropolis
  (fortified hill top)

• Greek Political Structures
• Several types of governments
• Monarchy
• Kings and Queens rule
• Aristocracy
• Ruled by a small group of people, usually nobles
• Oligarchy
• Ruled by a few powerful people, usually wealthy
  merchants
• Direct Democracy
• Rule by the people

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Rule and Order

• New kind of Army
• Iron emerges
• Cheaper than bronze, more available
• Ordinary citizens could afford weapons
• Citizens expected to defend Polis
• Emergence of Phalanx

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Spartans

• Lived in the Peloponnesus
• (southern Greece)
• Location
• Southern Greece
• On the Peloponnesus
• Near the Gulf of Corinth

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Sparta

• Conquerors
• Conquered neighbors a 725 B.C.E.
• Called helots (slaves)
• Revolt of helots in 600 B.C.E. forced Spartans to
  strengthen military

• Government and Society
• Oligarchy headed by two kings
• Council of Elders
• Proposed laws to assembly
• Made up of 2 kings and 28 citizens over 60 years
  old
• Ephors- 5 elected officials carried out laws
• Led education of youth
• Social Structure
• Diverse social groups
• Rigid structure

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Education in Sparta

• Women
• Hardy lives
• Service to Sparta above family
• Women had more rights than most areas
• Men
• Life centered around military training
• Age 7- left for barracks
• Did not encourage arts
• Stressed duty, strength, discipline
• Militaristic and aggressive society

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Spartan Life

• Women
• Expected to produce healthy, warrior sons
• Exercised and strengthened their bodies
• Had to obey husband and father
• Had right to inherit property
• Ran family estates while men were at war

• Affairs
• Isolated itself
• Looked down on trade and wealth
• Forbade travel

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Athens

• Located in Attica
• Under protection of Goddess Athena
• Several types of governments
• Called the "cradle of democracy
• Noble landowners had power

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Forms of Government
Monarchy Aristocracy Oligarchy Direct Democracy
State ruled by King State ruled by Nobility State ruled by a small group of citizens State ruled by its citizens
Rule is hereditary Rule is hereditary and based on land ownership Rule is based on wealth Rule is based on citizenship
Some rulers claim divine right Social status and wealth support rulers authority Ruling group controls military Majority rule decides vote
Practiced in Mycenae and Athens Practiced in Athens Practiced in Sparta Practiced in Athens
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Athens Government

• Stages of evolution in Athenian government
• Early Athens was ruled by a king
• Aristocracy took power in 7th century
• They owned land and political power
• Tyrants who worked for reform
• Draco
• Solon
• Origin of democratic principles
• Direct democracy
• Public debate
• Duties of the citizen

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Political and Economic Reforms

• Clashes between aristocrats and common people
• Draco 621 B.C.E.
• Wrote first legal code
• Contracts/property ownership
• Conflicts continued
• Solon 594 B.C.E.
• Aristocrats prevented civil war by electing Solon
  to head the government
• Gave him power to reform law

• Solons Political Reforms
• Outlawed slavery
• All citizens allowed to participate in Athenian
  assembly
• Bring charges against wrongdoers
• Neglected land reforms
• Led to fighting
• Pisistratus 546 B.C.E. seizes power as a Tyrant
• Economic Reforms
• Encouraged export of grapes and olives
• Profitable overseas trade

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Women

• Only males could participate in Assembly
• Women could not vote
• Women were imperfect beings without the ability
  to reason
• Wealthy women lived in seclusion in homes and
  managed household.
• Poor women tended sheep, were spinners or weavers.

• Slaves made up 1/3 of population
• Could not vote

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Education

• Girls received no education
• Boys attend school if affordable
• Studied reading, writing, poetry, and music
• Studied public speaking
• Received military training

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Persian Wars (499-449 B.C.E)
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Darius I of Persia

• Angry at an insult, sent messengers into Greece
  asking for gifts of earth and water
• Most city-states obeyed
• Athens and Sparta did not submit
• A united Greece came together to face the Persian
  Empire in battle

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Persian Wars

• 500 B.C. Athens was wealthiest city-state and had
  helped Ionian Greeks rebel against Persia
• Persians crushed the rebel cities
• Darius wanted to punish the Athenians
• Sent the Persian army, landed at Marathon

• Persian War united Athens and Sparta against the
  Persian Empire
• Battle at Marathon
• 490 B.C.E.
• Persian fleet lands with 25,000 men
• Greek phalanx destroyed the Persians
• Athens was defenseless
• Pheidippides raced back to Athens to warn the
  city
• Saved the city

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Xerxes

• After Darius death, his son Xerxes wanted
  revenge
• 480 B.C. brought a larger force to Greece
• Met resistance with a small force of Spartans at
  Thermopylae
• Led by King Leonidas
• Greeks divided and weak
• 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves at the Battle
  of Thermopylae

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Battle of Salamis

• After defeating the Spartans, marched to Athens
  and burned it to the ground
• Athenians had already left
• Themistocles had built ships to help defend
  Greece after Marathon
• Greeks lured the Persians ships into the straight
  of Salamis and tore them to pieces

• Battle at Salamis
• destroyed the Persian fleet
• 1/3 sank
• Left Greeks in control of the Aegean Sea
• Greeks then marched into Asia Minor and ended the
  Persian invasion
• Spartans finally defeated Persians at Plataea 479
  B.C.E.

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United Greece

• Athens emerged most powerful city-state
• Organized an alliance with other city-states
  called the Delian league

• Athens emerges in a position of strength
• Athens was pursuing aggressive policies against
  neighboring state
• Athens was moving towards democracy
• Pericles will come to power and take Athens into
  its Golden Age.

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Rewind
Who? The united Greek city-states vs. the Persian Empire. Greece Wins!!!!
When? 499 B.C.E. 449 B.C.E.
Why? Control of the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas and the economic advantages that go along with controlling the seas.
Major Battles? 2 Major Battles were at Marathon and Salamis. The Greeks defeated the Persians in both.
Results of War Athens emerges as the dominant power in Greece after the formation of the Delian League. The Delian League was an alliance between Athens and other Greek city-states (not Sparta) that made Athens wealthy and powerful.
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Revisit Objectives

• Standard WHI.5
• Students will be able to demonstrate knowledge of
  ancient Greece in terms of its impact on Western
  civilization by
• Identifying the social structure and role of
  slavery, and comparing the city-states of Athens
  and Sparta
• Evaluating the significance of the Persian wars

• Essential Questions
• How did Sparta differ from Athens?
• Why were wars with Persia important to the
  development of Greek culture?