Egypt

1
Egypt
2
Egypts Success

• THE NILE was considered the SOUL as it was the
  source of life and path to immortality
• Egyptians lived on Eastern side but buried on
  Western side
• River was symbol of passage of one life to next
  (eternity)
• Creation story began in swirling waters of the
  Nile when god Horus gave power to Pharaohs

3
Ancient Egypt Stability

• Ancient Egypt lasted for 3500 years due to
  factors in
• Geography
• Politics
• Social structure
• Education
• Economy
• Religion
• Stability was goal and change slow and cautious

4
History

• Egypt was one of the longest lasting dynasties of
  the ancient time. It held many great
  accomplishments, including the pyramids. The
  biggest of which was built by King Khufu. It
  arose shortly after the decline of Mesopotamia

State Division
Egypt was divided into many different parts.
First the north from the south, then the north
was divided into the east and the west. But
these were more what we consider The maritimes
or Out West here in Canada. Egypt was divided
into 42 smaller cities or regions with what were
called nodes.
5
Geography Populated Areas

• There were three main areas that were populated
  in Egypt
• 1. The Nile Valley
• sole source of water for Egypt
• Predictable flooding provided rich fertile soil
• Both revered and feared (too much flooding or
  droughts)
• The Nile Delta
• Area were Nile empties into Mediterranean Sea
• Largest piece of fertile land
• Encompassed major centres of Egypt
• Faiyum
• Lake Moeris lies at end of branch of Nile is
  centre of oasis called Faiyum
• Irrigation from Nile made Faiyum the third most
  populated land

6
Geographic Effects on Egypts stability and
history

• Fertile soil
• deserts provided protection and shelter from
  outside influences
• Access to Mediterranean increased and expanded
  trade and culture
• culture was one of stability and not rapid change
• Deserts were an important source of minerals and
  building supplies (copper, tin, gold and natron,
  the drying agent used in mummification)

7
What determined Egypts economic prosperity?

• Wealth
• Agriculture made up most of Egypts wealth
• grain, vegetables, fruit, cattle, goats, pigs
  and fowl
• Abundance and management of food supplies (not
  royal treasury) was the measure of Egypts
  wealth full granaries, plenty of wildlife and
  fish, and thriving herds were the signs of
  prosperity. These were the images used in the
  tombs of the Pharaohs to illustrate the wealth
  of their reigns
• Economy
• Simple economy based on food production and
  minerals from desert
• access to the Mediterranean their routes extended
  trade as far as Northern Europe, subtropical
  Africa and the Near East
• Trading was done by bartering goods (grain, oil,
  wheat)
• Taxes, salaries and loans were all paid entirely
  on goods
• extensive trading made Egypt a powerful influence
  on culture, art, ideas and technology (ie.
  Western calendar was taken from the Romans who
  had borrowed it from the Egyptians)
• Trade eventually grew and expanded, bringing new
  ideas and goods into Egyptian society

8
PoliticalEgyptian Pharaohs

• Egyptians were led by Pharaohs.
• They were priest-kings
• King Tut is the most famous
• Using computers, this image was reconstructed
  using his remains

9
Pyramids

• These are the Giza pyramids, the most famous.
• Pyramids were tombs for the kings.
• These were built in 3500 B.C.E.
• How old are they?

10
Mummies

• Egyptians who could afford to do so would have
  themselves mummified.
• They believed in a better afterlife if their body
  was preserved.

11
The Egyptians took out all of the internal
organs, except the heart. When they removed them
the organs were put in canopic jars, that were
put in the tomb with the mummy. They did not take
out the heart because it was believed to be the
intelligence and emotion of the person. The
Egyptians thought the brain had no significant
value, so they took it out through the nose. The
body was packed and covered with natron (a salty
drying agent). After this the body was left for
40-50 days. 
12
Domestic Life Family

• In many families girls usually married at ages 12
  to 15
• A common couple were the ages of 12 to 30
• There was no ceremony, the bride just moved in
  with the husband
• Siblings were not allowed to marry and you
  werent allowed to have more than one wife
• Divorce was very simple, all you had to do is say
  I divorce you
• Very few children lived beyond five years of age

13
Role of Women

• Women were almost equal to men in every way in
  rights
• Women were allowed to be involved in businesses
  and land deals
• They were also allowed to get jobs, like
  providing entertainment in temples or ceremonies
  as singers, dancer, or acrobats

14
Marriage

• There was no great ceremony for the Egyptian
  wedding. The women moved into the house, and
  bared the children of the husband. But was also
  given a dowry, as so if a divorce were to happen,
  the women would still be able to live.
• Girls were normally married off at the age of
  12-14. Men generally waited for their careers to
  develop and they became stable and successful.

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Surrounding Area
Kebet

• Kebet located 7547 cubits north of Thebes
• Good place to pick up exotic goods
• Major cult centre for the deity Min
• It is a great starting point of expeditions to
  the gold mines or the Breccia mines in the
  eastern desert.
• It was also a starting point for trading or
  military missions across the Red Sea. It is not
  an unusual site to see soldiers carrying
  dismantled boats

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Pyramid of Khufu

• Is the largest pyramid in the Giza Plateau
• Consists of the main pyramid and three satellite
  pyramids
• It was 275 cubits high
• It was not possible to enter the pyramid
• 20 000 were hired to build the pyramid
• Blocks were made and transported form quarries
• The use of log systems and levis were used to
  transport and place the blocks

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Sphinx

• First monument of its kind in Egypt
• Displays the face of King Khafra
• Contains a deity of itself, the solar deity
  Horemakhet
• Is connected to the king and his divine power
• Other kings have added improvements, like open
  air chapel!
• Two colossal statues were built by Tuthmosis
  Menkheperure

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The Temples of Thebes
The Temple at Karnak

• The Karnak temple is located on the east bank of
  the Nile river. It s the second largest temple
  complex in Egypt. Only the high priest has access
  to the high chamber. The temple is dedicated to
  the deity Amen.
• The ear chapel is the only place that regular
  folk can enter. It has giant ears carved into the
  walls that people whisper their desires into.

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Valley of the kings

• It is also known as the Great Noble Necropolis
  of Millions of Years of the Kings.
• It is the burial place for over 60 kings. It
  also contains 50 tombs that all follow a similar
  pattern
• It is located on the west bank of the Nile
• The deity Meretsega meaning She Who Loves
  Silence supposedly protects the valley
• There are many halls found in the structure. An
  example is The Hall of Hindering. This hall is a
  deep well chamber that acts as a deterrent to
  grave robbers it also serves as being a symbolic
  burial of Osiris.

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The Temple of Luxor

• This structure is known locally as Amenemopet
  which means Amun of Opet.
• This temple is smaller than the one at Karnak,
  but no less impressive, though these two are
  connected by one ceremonial way.
• The pylon at the temple is decorated with battle
  scenes. These act as a warning to anyone who
  plans to harm the Egyptians or the temple itself.

21
Entertainment
Festivals

• Religious festivals included a procession through
  the streets with a statue of the god or goddess.
  Offerings of gold and booty were offered to the
  god and then evenly distributed amongst the
  people.
• The festival of drunkenness is the 5 day festival
  which included excessive consumption of beer and
  wine which people thought let them communicate
  with the gods.

22
Sports

• Faiyum, and the river Nile were popular
  destinations for competing in water sports such
  as swimming, fishing and fowling, though be wary
  of crocodiles in the Nile.
• As per land sports, wrestling were a favorite, it
  was done naked with an optional belt for gripping
  and generally had no rules. Other popular sports
  included stick fighting, running and jumping
• Chariot Racing was also a favorite of the
  Egyptians though it was very dangerous, BUT A
  GOOD SHOW!

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5000 BC
Timeline

• This was the time where people first started to
  settle along the Nile.

3110-2884 BC King Menes Unites Egypt
King Menes was the first king to unite Egypt. He
wore a red and white crown symbolizing the unity
of upper and lower Egypt. This was also the
beginning of the Old Kingdom.
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2686-2648 BC Step Pyramid is Built

• During the rule of king Djoser the first pyramid
  design was created at Saqqara. This pyramid was
  a step pyramid.

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2649-2150 BC Old Kingdom

• The Old Kingdom was the very beginning of the
  great Egyptian civiliazation. Many trade routes
  were established, and monuments were built
  including the Pyramids of Giza.

Map of Egypt during Old Kindom
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2550-2490 BC The Pyramids of Giza are Built

• The three kings, Khufu, Khephren, and Menkare
  constructed the Great Pyramids of Giza.

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2150-2135 BC Old Kingdom Collapses

• The Old Kingdoms political systems begin to
  collapse. There is civil disorder, famine, and a
  high death rate.

2135-1986 BC Egypt Splits
Egypt is split into northern and southern Egypt.
The north is ruled from the city Herakleopolis,
and the south is ruled from the city Thebes.
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2134-2000 BC Egypt is Reunited

• Egypt is once again reunited under the rule of
  Mentuhotep the 2nd. The capital is moved to
  Thebes

Mentuhotep the 2nd
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1991-1700 BC Middle Kingdom

• At this time Egypt had just come out of 150 years
  of anarchy. Egypt once again began to flourish
  and expand its trade and economy.

1937-1756 BC
Egyptian capital is moved to Memphis by
Amenemhet. Later Egypt is divided into 4 regions
by Sesostris the 2nd.
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1877-1870 BC Irrigation in the Faiyum

• Irrigations schemes were now put in place at the
  Faiyum. This would greatly improve agriculture
  and probvied an abundance of food.

1700 BC Earliest evidence of medicine
With the creation of medicine Egypt was able to
heal many that were sick. It also opened up new
opportunities for trade.
31
1550-1070 BC The New Kingdom

• The New kingdom was a real time of change for
  Egypt. Many great rulers would rule during this
  time period. Also trade and territory would
  greatly improve.

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1560 BC War against the Hyksos

• War between the Asiatic rulers and Thebes had
  broken out. The Hyksos had invaded Egypt and
  ruled it for about 150 years.

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1539-1295 BC Egypts Great Rulers

• During these year Ahmose had driven the Hyksos
  out of Egypt. This led to a number of great
  rulers, such as
• Hatshepsut and Tuthmosis the 3rd
• Amenhotep the 4th
• Tutankhamen

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1470 BC Hatshepsuts Reign

• Hatshepsut increased Egypt's economy immensely
  when she was Pharaoh. She ordered trading
  expeditions to the far south where she obtained
  rare goods.

1450 BC Tuthmosis the 3rds Reign
While Tuthmosis was in reign he expanded Egypts
boarders greatly, especially to the south where
there were many resources.
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1367 - 1350 BC Reign of Amenhotep the 4th

• During Menhoteps Reign he revolutionized Egypts
  religious views. He had turned Egypts
  polytheistic society to a monotheistic society.

1336-1350 BC Tutankhamen's Reign
At only ten years old Tutankhamen came into
reign. Though he only had a short rule he
reversed Amenhoteps monotheistic cult. After
his death by a blow to the head (a seemingly
homicide) the Egyptian civilization began its
slow crumble.