Remote Underwater Sampling and

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Remote Underwater Sampling and Aqueduct
Monitoring Technology An Example of Linking
Current Sensor Technology with Innovative
Delivery Systems- An Integral Part of an Early
Warning System-Now Christopher J. Owen,
President and COO www.apprisetech.com
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2002- THE CHALLENGES AND OUTLOOK IN THE INDUSTRY

• The Ever Changing View of Protection
• The Activities of the Past Year Have Resulted
  in a Paradigm Shift in Industry Thought

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2002-NEW CONCEPTS OF INFRASTRUCTURE, THREAT, AND
IMPACT

• THREAT
• No Longer Restricted to Vandalism and Accidents
  But Must Include Malevolent Activity. Must Also
  Now Include Perceived Threats (i.e.The
  Challenges of Validation of the
  Counterfeit-Threat).
• INFRASTRUCTURE
• Forcing a Broader Scope of What Is Critical
  Infrastructure.
• IMPACT
• Concerns Broadened to Include More Than Obvious
  Human Health Impacts--Now More than Ever it is
  Also About Public Confidence and OM Costs.

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2002-NEW CONCERNS ABOUT MULTIPLE POINTS OF ENTRY
AND ASSOCIATED PUBLIC UNEASE ABOUT INCLUSIVENESS
OF CURRENT MANAGEMENT, MONITORING, AND MITIGATION
STRATEGIES

• Risk analysis demands coverage of sub-systems
  with the highest potential of human health impact
  first, culling out municipal distribution systems
  as an obvious priority, but there is much more to
  be done.

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2002-CONERNS MOUNT ABOUT PROTECTION EFFORTS
THROUGHOUT THE SUPPLY CHAIN

• Questions to Water Operators Not Monitoring Their
  Systems
• Are you prepared to empty a five, 10 or 30
  million-gallon finished or source water reservoir
  to prove to the public the water is safe to
  drink?
• The public has not accepted that the solution to
  pollution is dilution, do we believe this will
  hold water for an event defined by the public,
  or the press, as a chemical and/or biological
  attack on a source water system?
• Do you have a comprehensive security and
  monitoring program for your source water system?

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• Can we really learn from Hollywoods- War Games
• A threat does not need to be real to be a
  threat, simply perceived as real.
• Is your data link secure?

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CHALLANGES of TECHNOLOGIES and DEVELOPERS to MEET
THE NEEDS of the INDUSTRY

• How do we develop the tools to cover all of the
  possible types of threats and points of entry?
• How quickly can we make these technologies
  available?
• Can industry and regulators work together to
  validate new technologies so that end-users can
  utilize these advances with confidence and be
  unencumbered by an ambiguous verification and
  validation process?
• Can we make these systems low cost and effective
  so that OM resources are not disproportionately
  stressed?

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2002 - GOALS FOR WATER INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION

• Continue to supply to the community safe water.
• Protect the infrastructure by implementation of
  networked systems, technology and training to
  meet this objective.
• Instill public confidence in implemented programs.

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• The Risk for Water Infrastructure
• 1996 Presidents Commission on Critical
  Infrastructure Protection (PCCIP) determines
  water infrastructure as highly vulnerable to a
  range of potential attacks.
• Effects of threat touch every citizen in the US
  with over 27 billion gallons of water pumped
  every day.

• The Broad Spectrum of Risks
• Maybe natural or malevolent.
• Threats maybe high-tech or low-tech.
• Executed by organized groups or loose networks.
• May use exotic or common chemical or biological
  compounds.

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• Results of a Successful Attacks
• Widespread panic.
• Significant economic impact.
• Loss of public confidence in the US water supply
  infrastructure.

• Distribution Monitoring is Key-However Source
  Water Attack Has Broad Reaching Impacts-Question
  to Water Operators Not Monitoring Their Systems
• Public will Demand Treatment or Disposal
• Public Trust will be Tarnished
• For Counterfeit-Threats They Are Most Successful
  if Monitoring programs are Limited or
  Do Not Exist.
• Are you prepared to empty or treat a five, 10 or
  15
• million-gallon finished water reservoir to prove
  to
• the public that it is safe to drink the water?

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In December of 1999 the following industry report
outlined the need for an Early Warning System and
potential solution criteria... International
Life Science Institute (ILSI) Workshop
Recommendations Published in a Report Titled
EARLY WARNING MONITORING TO DETECT HAZARDOUS
EVENTS IN WATER SUPPLIES October 10,
2001-United States House of Representatives-Commit
tee on Transportation and Infrastructure-Subcommit
tee on Water Resources and the Environment House
Testimony of Jeffrey J. Danneels (Sandia National
Laboratories) Time delays with sampling and
analysis are key drivers for the need for
real-time monitoring capabilities. In 2001 the
FBI issued this warning As long as enemies of
the United States of America exist, terrorism
could strike a US water supply unless steps are
taken to prevent such action.
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ILSI Industry Report On Early Warning Systems and
Statements of Jeffrey Danneels Sandia National
Laboratories Report to the US House of
Representatives Committee on Transportation and
Infrastructure-Subcommittee on Water Resources
and the Environment EARLY WARNING MONITORING
SYSTEMS Goals and requirements

• The Tall Order For Early Warning Systems
• Provide Warning in Sufficient Time for Action
• Integration of Multiple Sensors in a Modular or
  Expandable Installation
• Affordable
• Can Be Mass Produced
• Requires Low Skill and Training to Operate
• Covers ALL Potential Threats
• Gives Minimal False Positive and Negative
  Responses
• Robust, Reproducible, and Verifiable
• Allows Remote Operation

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A Brief History Technology and Water Quality
Monitoring

• Surface Water Quality Monitoring A coupling of
  technology-evolution to apply current sensor
  technology in innovative ways...
• 1800-1900s - Chemical testing
• Early 1900s - First sensors developed for lab
  use
• 1960s - First submersible pH electrode
• 1970s - Data storage - Trends vs. Isolated Data
  Points
• Mid 1980s - Unattended systems using
  dataloggers
• - Buoy systems with sensor packages
• Late 1980s - One-way radio telemetry systems
  used
• - First solar-powered systems
• 1990s -- Digital technology
• - Unattended remote data telemetry
• Late 1990s - Interactive Sensor Delivery Systems
• Development of Variable Buoyancy Systems (VBS)

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Sensor Solutions to Threats New Sensor
Technology for Chemical and Biological Agents vs.
Applying Current Sensors and Related Advanced
Sensor Delivery Technology in Innovative Ways

• New Sensor Designs The need for time, money and
  broad threat sensitivity.
• New Sensor Development Advantages ? Specific
  and sensitive to specific treats
• New Sensor Development Disadvantages ? Costly
  to develop, verify and validate for field
  deployment
• ? Not available currently (takes years to
  decades to bring to market)
• ? Requires complex design for multiple
  contaminate functionality or
• ? Requires multiple sensors to cover the
  wide spectrum of possible threats
• New Sensor Challenges in
• EARLY WARNING MONITORING SYSTEMS
• Goals and requirements ? Integration of
  multiple sensors in a modular or expandable
  installation (unknown). ? Affordable
  (development costs are high).
• ? Can be mass produced (unknown).
• ? Covers ALL potential threats
  (quantification of a threat is costly multiple
  threats is more costly).
• ? Robust, reproducible, and verifiable (no
  track record for robustness and
  reproducibility) Turns data into knowledge
  (unknown).
• ? Network Ability (Unknown)

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Sensor Solutions to Threats New Sensor
Technology For Chemical and Biological
Agents vs. Applying Current Sensors and Related
Advanced Sensor Delivery Technology In Innovative
Ways

• Applying Current Sensors and Related Technology
  in Innovative Ways...
• Advantages ? Inexpensive (currently produced in
  mass quantity).
• ? Long track record for performance (robust,
  reproducible and verifiable).
• ? Canary in coal mine approach - measures
  effect making it broad spectrum in sensitivity to
  a variety of threats.
• ? Long record for ease of use (long running
  familiarity with the form and function of the
  sensors).
• ? Data turned to knowledge (current sensor
  data has a long record as used as predictors for
  the health of the system that can be
  applied to Early Warning Systems).
• Disadvantages ? Not specific to individual
  chemical or biological threats (still requires
  select sampling to quantify the
  specific contaminate).
• Challenges to the Innovative
• Application of Current Sensor Technology
• EARLY WARNING MONITORING SYSTEMS
• Goals and requirements ? Provide warning in
  sufficient time for action.
• ? Integration of multiple sensors in a
  modular or expandable installation.
• ? Allows remote operation.

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• Example of a Remote Platform for Effective
  Deployment of Current Sensor Technology-Merging
  Technology to Address the Needs of Managers
  Variable Buoyancy Systems (RUSSTM) Current
  Applications
• Treatment Process Optimization, General
  Management and Monitoring
• Forecast Modeling
• Compliance Monitoring
• Early Warning Monitoring of Harmful Events
• Currently in Use Across the US, in Korea and
  Israel.

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Example of How a Remote Platform Works to
Integrate Current Sensor Technology into Early
Warning System Requirements
A Successful System Contains The
Following Flotation Module On-Board
Computer Power System Telemetry Module Result
Remote Operation of Sensor Package
(Bi-Directional Communications), Movement of
Sensor Package to Preprogrammed Depths and
Generation of Extensive Data Sets for Water
Quality Managers for Use in Process Optimization
and Early Warning Systems in Near Real-Time.
Networkability for large geographic coverage.
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Example of How a Remote Platforms Works to
Integrate Current Sensor Technology into Early
Warning System Requirements
(Aqueduct Monitoring System)
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Example of How a Remote Platforms Work to
Integrate Current Sensor Technology into Early
Warning System Requirements

(Aqueduct Monitoring System)

• Key Components
• Secure Dedicated Phone line
• Central Control CPU
• Flow Meter for Pump Fail Notification
• Expandable Sensor Reservoir
• Refrigerated Sample Archive

• Key Design Features
• High Resolution Data for Predictive Models
• Sensor Trigger Limits for Archived Sampling
• On Demand Sample Trigger
• Redundant Status Notification

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Current Uses of this Technology Water Utilities

• First used as a Process Control tool...
• Turbidity Events - Early warning for chemical
  treatment and plume transport modeling.
• Algal Bloom Detection - taste odor problems
• Deep Water Withdrawal Characterization -
  Measuring ReDox to predict problematic
  mineral-rich content in source water (minimize
  mineral build up in process control)
• Source Water Characterization for multiple source
  blending
• Effects of Hypolimnetic Oxygenation Systems
  (active management activity for algal control)
• Vertical Layer Assessment of Reservoir Source
  Water - for intake management measuring
  temperature and density effects
• Discharge Plume Assessment

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Using Profiling Buoy and Aqueduct Monitoring
Technology, Joined with Current Sensor Technology
as an Integral Component of Early Warning
Systems...

• Profiling systems generate sufficient data to
  develop predictive models that can identify
  natural occurrences from unnatural as early
  warning of contamination (technology based
  Canary In the Coal Mine).
• Profile data is used for toxic transport models
  to estimate time of arrival at critical
  infrastructure.
• Profiling systems are ideal platforms for
  additional (or new) technology.
• Remote profiling buoy systems work 24/7 and
  deliver near-real time data about water events.
• Profiling systems use common commercially
  available sensors and probes that measure primary
  water characteristics.

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How does this design fit the EARLY WARNING
MONITORING SYSTEM Goals and requirements Remo
te Profiling Buoy Systems, Using Current Sensor
Technology, Meets the Recommended Defined
Criteria for Early Warning Systems

• Provides warning in sufficient time for action
• Profiling and aqueduct systems are currently
  being used to establish Near- Real Time
  measurement for transport models (Turbidity and
  Toxic Transport).
• Covers all potential threats
• Data establish baseline biological and chemical
  data sets and establish upper and lower control
  limits and related risk response triggers (Canary
  in a Coal Mine).
• Cost is affordable
• Use proven technology for profiling buoy
  systems.
• Use standard Off the Shelf sensors resulting
  in low cost immediate implementation.
• Requires minimal skill and training
• Systems that utilizes current staff for OM
  -allowing for better allocation of resources for
  data interpretation.
• Gives minimal false positive or negative
  responses.
• Proven sensor technology allows for minimization
  of false positives and false negatives.
• Is robust
• Over 50 systems are deployed in an array of
  environments.
• Is reproducible and verifiable
• System validated by the US EPA EMPACT Program.
  However needs more data.
• Allows remote operation and functions year-round
• Combination of wireless and landline systems for
  Near-Real Time Data.

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As new sensors for biological and chemical
"signatures" are commercialized, they will
require an operating platform.
Remote data acquisition systems are ideal
platforms for new and emerging sensor
technologies.
Most remote systems use standard communication
protocols. New sensor developments will likely
use a standard protocol and therefore can easily
be integrated into buoy or other remote platforms
with minimal cost for real-time assessment of
the health of the aquatic system.
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Predictive Models A key element of an Early
Warning System Joining Current-Inexpensive
Sensor Technology with Delivery Platforms to
Generate Data Required for Proactive Models

• Allow managers and operators valuable time to be
  proactive instead of reactive in terms of
  treatment and awareness.
• Predictive capabilities- differentiate between
  natural and unnatural occurrences to minimize
  harm.
• Great expansion capabilities- use remote
  platforms to integrate new technology as they
  become available.

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Data Visualization Tools
Successful Early Warning Systems Must Present
Water Quality Data in a Variety of Ways for
Timely Response to Change
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Data Visualization Tools Allow Users to Present
Data in a Visual User-Friendly Format Turning
DATA INTO KNOWLEDGE.
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EARLY WARNING MONITORING SYSTEMS Conclusion A
need to allocate resources to applying current
sensors and related technology in innovative ways
- best Early Warning Solution for managers and
the communities they serve.

• Best Way to Approximate the Tall Order
  Addressing industry needs and public protection
• Provide warning in sufficient time for action
  integration of multiple.
• Sensors in a modular or expandable installation.
• Affordable and can be mass produced.
• Requires minimal skills and training to operate.
• Covers ALL potential threats. (???????)
• Gives minimal false positive and negative
  responses. (Limitation Known)
• Robust, reproducible and verifiable.
• Allows remote operation and functions year-around
  (Most of the Time)
• Turns data into knowledge.

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EARLY WARNING MONITORING SYSTEMS Industry
Moving to Combined Technologies for a Total
Solution-Example of Current SOP-When to
Respond/When to Screen and When to Sample

• Remote Preset Trigger Alarm-RUSS or SAMM
  System-Response
• Causal Validation-Eclox-Response
• Transport of Auto-Archive Sample for Laboratory
  Analysis-Response

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EARLY WARNING MONITORING SYSTEMS Near Term Needs

• Development of Base Models That May be Trained
  for Control Limit Predictors
• The Models need to be robust
• Can be easily adapted to a variety of systems.
• Need to be run in a near real time environment.

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