Title: Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt
1Chapter 28
- Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt
2Progressive Roots
- Roots in the Greenback Labor Party of the 1870s
and 1880s and the Populist Party of the 1890s. - Goal use the government as an agency of human
welfare. - Fought against monopolies, corruption,
inefficiency, and social injustice.
3Progressive Roots
- Against laissez-faire economics
4The pen is sometimes mightier than the sword.
- Muckrakers - reporters exposed injustices
5The muckrakers
- Henry Demarest Lloyd
- corruption of the Standard Oil Company
- Wealth AgainstCommonwealth
- Thorstein Veblen
- criticized the new rich
- The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899).
6The muckrakers
- Jacob A. Riis
- How the Other Half Lives
- New York slums
- Theodore Dreiser
- The Financier
- The Titan
- attack profiteers
7The muckrakers
- 1902 - aggressive ten and fifteen-cent popular
magazines, such as Cosmopolitan, Colliers, and
Everybodys, began flinging the dirt about the
trusts.
8Raking Muck with the Muckrakers
- Lincoln Steffens
- articles in McClures- The Shame of the Cities
- Unmasked the corrupt alliance between big
business and the government. - Ida M. Tarbell
- exposé against Standard Oil and its ruthlessness.
- Exposed the money trusts, the railroad barons,
and the corrupt amassing of American fortunes,
9Raking Muck with the Muckrakers
- David G. Phillips charged that 75 of the 90 U.S.
Senators did not represent the people, but
actually the railroads and trusts. - Ray Stannard Bakers Following the Color Line was
about the illiteracy of Blacks. - John Spargos The Bitter Cry of the Children
exposed child labor.
10Raking Muck with the Muckrakers
- The muckrakers sincerely believed that cures for
the ills of American democracy, was more
democracy. - Progressives were mostly middle-class citizens
who felt squeezed by both the big trusts above
and the restless immigrant hordes working for
cheap labor that came from below.
Jane Adams
11Political reforms of Progressives
- Initiative - voters could directly propose
legislation - Referendum - people could vote on laws that
affected them - Recall - to remove bad officials from office.
12Political reforms of Progressives
- Secret ballot(Australian ballot) to counteract
the effects of party bosses - Direct election of U.S. senators
- 17th Amendment
- Females also campaigned for womans suffrage, but
that did not comeyet.
13Progressivism in the Cities and States
- In Wisconsin, Governor Robert M. La Follette
wrestled control fromthe trusts and returned
power to the people - Charles Evans Hughes, governor of New York,
gained fame by investigating the malpractices of
gas and insurance companies.
14City managers
- Progressive cities like Galveston, TX either
used, for the firsttime, expert-staffed
commissions to manage urban affairs or
thecity-manager system, which was designed to
take politics out ofmunicipal administration.
15Progressive Women
- They couldnt vote or hold political office, but
were active none-the-less. - Women focused their changes on family-oriented
ills suchas child labor.
16Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire
- Major improvements in the fight againstchild
labor - 1911 fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in
NYC which killed 146 workers, mostly young women.
17Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire
Relatives identifying victims
At the morgue
18List of names
- List of Victims of the Triangle Shirtwaist
Factory Fire NAME OF FIRE VICTIM AGE COMMENTS
Aberstein, Julia 30 Adler, Lizzie 24 Altman,
Anna 16 Ardito, Anna 25 Astrowsky, Becky 20
Bassino, Rosie 31 Belatta, Vincenza 16
Bellotta, Ignazia Father identified by heel of
shoe. Benanti, Vincenza 22 Bernstein, Essie 19
Bernstein, Jacob 28 Bernstein, Morris 19
Bernstein, Moses Bierman, Gussie 22 Parents
complained body stripped of rings. Binevitz,
Abraham 20 Brenman, Rosie Brenman, Surka
(Sarah) Brodsky, Ida 16 Brodsky, Sarah 21
Brooks, Ida 18 Brunette, Laura 17 Caputta 17
Carlisi, Josep 31 Caruso, Albina 20
Carutto, Frances 17 Castello, Josie 21
Cirrito, Rosie Cohen, Anna 25 Colletti,
Antonia (Annie) 30 Costello, Della Crepo,
Rose 19 Denent, Grances 20 Dichtenhultz
(Fichtenhultz), Yetta 18 Dockman (Dochman),
Dora (Clara) 19 Dorman, K Identified by
registered letter. Downic, Kalman 24 Eisenberg,
Celia 17 Feibush, Rose Feicisch(Feibish),
Rebecca 17 Died at hospital after jumping.
Feltzer 40 Fitze, Mrs. Dosie Lopez 24 Survived
jump for day, then died. Forrester, May 25
Franco, Jennie 16 Frank, Tina 17 Gallo, Mrs.
Mary 23 Geib, Bertha 25 Gernstein, Molly 17
Gittlin, Celina 17 Goldfield, Esther
Goldstein, Esther Goldstein, Lena 22
Goldstein, Mary 11 Goldstein, Yetta 20
Gorfield, Esther 22 Grameattassio, Mrs. Irene
24 Harris, Esther 21 Broke back coming down
elevator chute. Herman, Mary 40 Jakobowski, Ida
Kaplan (woman) 20 Kenowitch, Ida 18 Keober
30 Kessler, Becky Tag read, "B Kessler, call
for her tomorrow." Klein, Jacob 23 Kupla, Sara
Jumped. Survived five days after fire.
Launswold, Fannie 24 Lefkowitz, Nettie 28
Lehrer, Max 19 Lehrer, Sam Leone, Kate 14
Lermack, Rosie D. 19 Leventhal, Mary 22
Identified by gold-capped tooth. Levin, Jennie 19
Attractive woman who died with folded arms
Levine, Abe Levine, Max Levine, Pauline 19
Maltese, Catherine Mother of two victims below.
Maltese, Lucia 20 One of three bodies identified
by her brother. Maltese, Rosalie(Rosari) 14
Manara, Mrs. Maria 27 Manofsky, Rose 22 Died
at Bellevue Hospital.
19Just a list of names
- Marciano, Mrs. Michela 25 Mayer, Minnie
Meyers, Yetta 19 Miale, Bettina 18 Identified
by ring on her finger. Miale, Frances 21
Midolo, Gaetana 16 Nebrerer, Becky 19
Nicholas, Annie 18 Nicolose, Nicolina
(Michelina) Novobritsky, Annie 20 Nussbaum
(Nausbaum), Sadie 18 Lower half of body consumed
by flame. Oberstein, Julia 19 Oringer, Rose
Died at St. Vincent's Hospital. Ozzo, Carrie 22
Pack, Annie 18 Panno, Mrs. Providenza 48
Pasqualicca, Antonietta 16 Pearl, Ida 20
Pildescu, Jennie 18 Pinello, Vincenza 30
Poliny, Jennie 20 Prato, Millie 21 Reivers,
Becky 19 Rootstein, Emma Robinowitz, Abraham
Rosen, Israel 17 Sister identified body by
ring. Rosen, Julia(widow) 35 842 found in her
stocking. Rosen, Mrs. Leob 38 Rosenbaum, Yetta
22 Rosenberg, Jennie 21 Rosenfeld, Gussie 22
Last body to be identified. Rosenthal, Nettie 21
Rother, R 25 Rother, Theodore 22
Sabasowitz, Sarah 17 Salemi, Sophie 24
Identified by a darn in her stocking. Saracino,
Sara Saracino, Serafina 25 Saracino, Tessie
20 Schiffman, Gussie 18 Schmidt, Mrs. Theresa
32 Schneider, Mrs. Ethel Schochep, Violet 21
Schwartz, Margaret Named victim in criminal
case. Selzer, Jacob 33 Semmilio, Mrs. Annie 30
Shapiro, Rosie 17 Shena, Catherine 30
Sklaver, Berel (Sklawer, Bennie) 25 Sorkin,
Rosie 18 Spear Sprunt Spunt, Gussie 19
Starr, Mrs. Annie 30 Stein, Jennie 18
Stellino, Jennie 16 Stiglitz, Jennie 22
Tabick, Samuel 18 Terdanova (Terranova),
Clotilde 22 Only victim to die on tenth floor
jumped. Tortorella, Isabella 17 Ullo, Mary 20
Utal, Meyer 23 Velakowsky, Freda(Freida) 20
Survived jump for 3 days, then died. Vivlania,
Bessie 15 Vovobritsky, Annie 20 Weinduff,
Sally 17 Weiner, Rose 23 Weintraub, Sally
(Sarah?) 17 Weintraub, Celia Welfowitz, Dora
21 Wilson, Joseph 21 Found by fiance to have
been wed in June. Wisner, Tessie 27 Wisotsky,
Sonia 17 Wondross, Bertha Zeltner gt 30 Died of
internal injuries at St. Vincent's.
20Making Judicial Progress
- Muller vs. Oregon (1908) found attorney Louis D.
Brandeis persuading the Supreme Court to accept
theconstitutionality of laws that protected
women workers. - Lochner v. New York invalidated a New York law
establishing a ten-hour day for bakers. - Court upheld a similar law for factory workers.
21Progressives challenge the Demon Rum
- Prohibitionist organizations - Womans Christian
Temperance Union (WCTU), founded by Frances E.
Willard, and the Anti-Saloon League were formed. - 18th Amendment prohibited the sale and drinking
of alcohol.
22End of Chapter 28 pt. 1
23TRs Three Cs
- President Roosevelt
- Square Deal
- Three Cs
- control of the corporations
- consumer protection
- conservation of the United States natural
resources.
Square Deal Dance
241902 Pennsylvania Anthracite Coal Mine Strike
- 140,000 workers demanded a 20 pay increase and
the reduction of the workday to nine hours. - Owners refused to negotiate - lack of coal
(freezing schools, hospitals, and factories) - TR threatened to seize the mines and operate them
with federal troops - Workers got a 10 pay increase and a 9-hour
workday, but their union was not officially
recognized as a bargaining agent.
25Cabinet Department of Commerce and Labor
- In 1903- Department of Commerce and Labor allowed
to probebusinesses engaged in interstate
commerce it was highly useful intrust-busting.
261904 Presidential election
- TR easily beat Democrat Alton B. Parker
- However, in 1904, TR announced that he would not
seek the presidency in 1908, since he would have,
in effect, served two terms by then. Thus he
defanged his power. - Notice the Solid South for Democrats
27TR Corrals the Railroads
- 1887 - Interstate Commerce Commission
inadequate - 1903 - Elkins Act - fined railroads that gave
rebates and the shippers that accepted them. - 1906- Hepburn Act - stated the government's
regulatory power more definitively - empowered the ICC to change a railroad rate to
one it considered "just and reasonable, - Mann-Elkins Act - placed the burden of proof on
the railroads for the first time, they would
have to actively demonstrate that a rate was
reasonable.
28TR as trustbuster
- TR decided that there were good trusts and
badtrusts, and set out to control the bad
trusts,such as the Northern Securities Company,
which was organized by J.P.Morgan and James J.
Hill. - 1904, Supreme Court ordered Northern Securities
to dissolve - Angered Wall Street but helped TRs image.
29TR as trustbuster
- Crack down on over 40 trusts
- helped dissolve thebeef, sugar, fertilizer, and
harvester trusts - He wasnt as large of a trustbuster as he has
been portrayed. - He had no wish to take down the good trusts,
but thetrusts that did fall under TRs big stick
fell symbolically, sothat other trusts would
reform themselves.
30Consumer protection
- Upton Sinclairs The Jungle - horrors of the
meatpacking industry - Meat Inspection Act, preparation of meat shipped
over state lines would be subject to federal
inspection
- The Pure Food and Drug Act tried to prevent the
adulteration and mislabeling of foods and
pharmaceuticals
31Starting to protect the Environment
- Wasting natural resources
- Forest Reserve Act of 1891 - authorized the
president to set aside land to be protected as
national parks. - Under this statute, some 46 million acres of
forest were set aside as preserves.
32Starting to protect the Environment
- Gifford Pinchot - head of the federal Division of
Forestry Conservationist - The Newlands Act of 1902 - initiated irrigation
projects for the western states
33Starting to protect the Environment
- By 1900, only a quarter of the nations natural
timberlandsremained, so he set aside 125 million
acres, establishing perhaps hismost enduring
achievement as president. - In 1913, San Francisco received permission to
build a dam in Hetchy Hetch Valley, a part of
Yosemite National Park, causing much controversy.
- Roosevelts conservation deal meant working with
the big logging companies, not the small,
independent ones.
34The Roosevelt Panic of 1907
- Widespread popularity
- Conservatives branded him as a dangerous
rattlesnake, unpredictable in his Progressive
moves. - In 1907, a short but sharp panic on Wall Street
placed TR at the center of its blame - He lashed back
- Panic died down.
- 1908 - Aldrich-Vreeland Act authorized national
banks to issue emergency currency backed by
various kinds of collateral. - This would lead to the momentous Federal Reserve
Act of 1913
35Need for an elastic currency
36The Rough Rider Thunders Out
- In the 1908 campaign, TR chose William Howard
Taft as his successor, hoping that the
corpulent man would continue his policies - Taft easily defeated William Jennings Bryan
- surprise came from Socialist Eugene V. Debs, who
garnered 420,793 votes.
37TRs Legacy
- Protected against socialism
- Conservationist
- Expanded the powers of the presidency
- Shaped the progressive movement
- Launched the Square Deala precursor to the New
Deal - Opened American eyes to the fact that America
shared the world with other nations so that it
couldnt be isolationist.
38Meet President Taft
- William Taft was a mild progressive, quite
jovial, quite fat, and passive. - He was also sensitive to criticism and not as
liberal as Roosevelt.
39The Dollar Goes Abroad as Diplomat
- Taft - Dollar Diplomacy -called for Wall Street
bankers to invest their surplus dollars into
foreign areas of strategic concern to the U.S. - (Far East and in the regions critical to the
security of the Panama Canal) - This investment, in effect, gave the U.S.
economic control over these areas.
40Bad Neighbor Policy
- Roosevelt carried the big stick in the Americas
while Taft promoted Dollar Diplomacy
- In 1909, perceiving a threat to the monopolistic
Russian andJapanese control of the Manchurian
Railway, Taft had Secretary of State Philander C.
Knox propose that a group of American and foreign
bankers buy the railroads and turn them over to
China. - Taft also pumped U.S. dollars into Honduras and
Haiti, whoseeconomies were stagnant, while in
Cuba, the same Honduras, theDominican Republic,
and Nicaragua, American forces were brought in to
restore order after unrest.
41The real trustbuster President Taft
- In his four years of office, Taft brought 90
suits against trusts. - In 1911, the Supreme Court ordered the
dissolution of the Standard Oil Company. - After Taft tried to break apart U.S. Steel
despite TRs prior approval of the trust, Taft
increasingly became TRs antagonist.
42Taft Splits the Republican Party
- Two main issues split the Republican party (1)
the tariff and (2) conservation of lands. - To lower the tariff and fulfill a campaign
promise, Taft and theHouse passed a moderately
reductive bill, but the Senate, led by Senator
Nelson W. Aldrich, tacked on lots of upward
revisions, and thus, when the Payne-Aldrich Bill
passed, it betrayed Tafts promise, incurred the
wrath of his party (drawn mostly from the
Midwest), and outraged many people.
- Old Republicans were high-tariff new/Progressive
Republicans were low tariff. - Taft even foolishly called it the best bill that
the Republican party ever passed.
Rhode Island Senator Nelson Aldrich
43Ballinger Pinchot Affair
- Ballinger-Pinchot Quarrel
- Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger
opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and
Alaska to corporate development and was
criticized by Forestry chief Gifford Pinchot, who
was then fired by Taft. - Old Republicans favored using the lands for
business new/Progressive Republicans favored
conservation of lands.
441910 off year elections
- In the spring of 1910, the Republican party was
split between theProgressives and the Old Guard
that Taft supported, so that theDemocrats
emerged with a landslide in the House. - Socialist Victor L. Berger was elected from
Milwaukee to Congress.
The Socialist Victor L. Berger
45The Republican Party Splits
- In 1911, the National Progressive Republican
League was formed,with Robert M. La Follette as
its leader - February 1912, TR began dropping hints that he
wouldnt mind being nominated by the Republicans
(he had meant no third consecutive term, not a
third term overall)
461912 Presidential Election
- Rejected by the Taft supporters of the
Republicans, TR became acandidate on the
Progressive party ticket, shoving LaFollette
aside. - In the Election of 1912, it would be Theodore
Roosevelt(Progressive Republican or Bull Moose
Party) versus William H. Taft (Old Guard
Republican)versus the Democratic candidate,
Woodrow Wilson.
47Welcome President Wilson