Reproduction

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Human
Reproduction
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Sexual Reproduction in Human
testis
ovary
sperms
eggs (ova)
fertilization
zygote
Blastocyst
embryo
fetus
baby
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External Male Reproductive Organs

1. Penis
2. Testes
3. Scrotum

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The Penis

• Tube-shaped organ that extends from trunk of the
  body just above the testes
• Part of the body where semen is released
  (ejaculation)
• Semen- thick fluid containing sperm and other
  secretions from the male reproductive system

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Male Reproductive System

• Scrotum sac of skin that holds testes. Hangs
  below body to keep testes cool. Sperm cannot be
  produced if body is too warm. Testes move into
  scrotum just before birth.
• Testis/testes Made up of small, coiled tubes
  seminiferous tubules. 300-600 per testis.
  Immature sperm made here.
• Secrete testosterone

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Testis and epididymis
epididymis
vas deferens (sperm duct)
sperm tubules
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Internal Male Reproductive Organs

• Epididymis
• Vas Deferens
• Seminal Vesicles
• Prostate Gland
• Cowpers Gland
• Urethra

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Epididymis

• For temporarily storage of sperms
• Where sperm Mature
• During intercourse, muscles of epididymis
  contract to release sperms

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Internal Organs

• Vas deferens tubes that extend from each
  epididymis to the urethra
• Cowpers gland, Prostate Gland, Seminal
  vesicles secretions from these glands combine
  with sperm-containing fluid to form semen

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Male Reproductive System
seminal vesicle
secrete seminal fluid
prostate gland
Cowpers gland
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Functions of Seminal Fluid

• To provide a medium for the sperms to swim
• To activate and nourish the sperms
• To neutralize the acidity in the female
  reproductive tract

Seminal Fluid
Semen
Sperms

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Male Reproductive System

• Urinary bladder stores urine
• Rectum- holds waste
• Urethra passageway for excretion of urine and
  sperm to leave body. Vas deferens empties into
  urethra

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Male Concerns

• Hernia- Part of body pushes through the muscle
  wall
• Sterility- Sperm weak, may not be able to
  fertilize egg
• Prostate Cancer- Uncontrolled growth of cells
  (radiation therapy/removal of prostate)
• Testicular Cancer- Frequent in males 15-35
  (self-check)

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Hernia
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Preventing Problems

• Prevent STIs
• Prevent trauma (athletic cups)
• Prevent hernias (dont lift things that are too
  heavy)

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Male Reproductive System
Urinary Bladder
Seminal Vesicles
Prostate Gland
Urethra
Penis
Rectum
Epididymis
Cowpers gland
Testes
Vas Deferens
Scrotum
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Functions of Ovary

• Produce female gametes (ova/eggs)
• For production of female sex hormones
• Estrogen and Progesterone

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Ovary

• A females ovaries contain 400,000 immature eggs
  at birth. (all the eggs they will ever have)
• Once a month during puberty, a mature egg is
  released into the fallopian tubes. This process
  is called ovulation.

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Fallopian Tubes

• Carries the ovum (egg) forward by
• the beating action of the cilia on its inner
  surface
• the contraction of muscles of fallopian tube

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Female Reproductive System

• Fallopian tube Each ovary is near but not
  connected to oviduct. Tube with funnel-like
  opening. Cilia line it to create a current that
  draws the egg into the tube. Egg is fertilized in
  the fallopian tube
• 3. Uterus thick, muscular, pear-shaped organ.
  Once egg is fertilized it finishes its
  development in uterus attached to uterine wall

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Female Reproductive System

• Urinary bladder storage of urine
• Urethra passage of urine to outside of body
• Vagina (birth canal) leads to outside of body
  from the uterus
• Cervix narrow neck of uterus
• Rectum passage for wastes

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Ovulation

• The release of an ovum (egg) from an ovary
• Every month, the fallopian tubes take turns
  releasing an egg. Right one month, left the next
  month

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Female Reproductive System
Fallopian tube
ovary
uterus
cervix
vagina
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Menstrual Cycle

• Menstruation occurs once a month, due to the
  uterus preparing itself for possible pregnancy.
• If pregnancy doesnt occur, the uterine lining
  breaks down into blood, tissue, and fluids and is
  released through the vagina.

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Female Concerns

• Infertility- Inability for female to become
  pregnant
• Problems that can cause infertility
• STDS--PID Infection of the Fallopian Tubes
• Blocked Fallopian Tubes- PID, Abdominal Surgery,
  Leading Cause Of Infertility
• Endometriosis- Uterine tissue grows outside the
  uterus, often appearing on the ovaries, fallopian
  tubes and abdominal cavity

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Other Female Reproductive Disorders

• Vaginitis Most common Vaginal infection in
  women of child bearing age. Caused by bacteria,
  accompanied by discharges, pain, itching
• Ovarian Cysts Fluid filled sacs on the ovaries.
  Small and non-cancerous, usually they will
  disappear on their own. Larger cysts may require
  surgery

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Concerns

• Problems related to menstruation
• Menstrual cramps- Cramps in abdominal occur
  during menstrual period
• Dysmenorrhea- Painful contractions lasting 1-2
  days
• Amenorrhea- Lack of menstruation by age of 16 or
  stopping of cycle for 3 or more months
• (PMS) Premenstrual Syndrome- Symptoms are
  nervous tension, anxiety, irritability, bloating,
  wt gain, depression, mood swings
• (TSS) Toxic Shock Syndrome- Caused by using
  tampons during period
• Bacteria produce a toxic poison that affects
  liver and the immune system
• Symptoms vomiting, dizziness, rash, kidney and
  liver damage, diarrhea

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• Pap Smear- Test to detect for abnormal cells in
  cervix
• Trichomoniasis- A vaginal infection that can lead
  to urethra and bladder infections
• Vaginitis- Most common vaginal infection in women
  of childbearing age
• Symptoms Discharge, odor, itching, pain
• Ovarian Cysts- Fluid-filled sacs on the ovary.
  Small non-cancerous, usually disappear on their
  own. Larger cysts may need surgery

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• Concerns continued
• Yeast Infection- Fungus, thick white cheesy
  discharge, foul odor, and severe itching
• Sterility- Untreated STD, blockage of tubes,
  fertilization can not occur
• Breast Cancer- Change in breast or nipple, lump
  or swelling in breast or armpit
• Self Exam should be performed once per month
• Mammogram- X-ray of the breast to locate any
  mass or tumor.
• Cervical Cancer- Causes can include many sexual
  partners, early sexual activity, effects women
  between 20-30

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Mammogram
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Mammogram of breast
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Preventing Problems

• Prevent STDs
• Prevent vaginal irritation
• Bathe regularly
• Exercise regularly